DDD与整洁架构实战指南：分层设计、依赖规则与项目结构

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When to use this skill

Use this skill whenever the user wants to:

• Structure an application following Clean Architecture layers (Entities, Use Cases, Interface Adapters, Frameworks)
• Enforce the dependency rule: inner layers never depend on outer layers
• Organize project packages and define clear test boundaries
• Combine Clean Architecture with Domain-Driven Design patterns

How to use this skill

Workflow

1. Define Entities (innermost layer) containing enterprise-wide business rules
2. Define Use Cases (application layer) containing application-specific business logic
3. Create Interface Adapters (presenters, gateways) that convert data between layers
4. Implement Frameworks (outermost layer) for web, database, and UI concerns

Layer Structure

com.example.app/
├── entity/              # Entities — business rules, no dependencies
├── usecase/             # Use Cases — application logic, depends only on entity
│   ├── port/            # Input/output port interfaces
│   └── interactor/      # Use case implementations
├── adapter/             # Interface Adapters — presenters, gateways
│   ├── controller/      # Web controllers
│   ├── presenter/       # Response formatting
│   └── gateway/         # Gateway implementations
└── framework/           # Frameworks — DB, web server, external APIs
    ├── web/
    └── persistence/

Use Case Example

// Use case port (input boundary)
public interface CreateOrderUseCase {
    OrderOutput execute(CreateOrderInput input);
}

// Use case interactor
public class CreateOrderInteractor implements CreateOrderUseCase {
    private final OrderGateway orderGateway;
    private final PaymentGateway paymentGateway;

    public CreateOrderInteractor(OrderGateway orderGateway, PaymentGateway paymentGateway) {
        this.orderGateway = orderGateway;
        this.paymentGateway = paymentGateway;
    }

    @Override
    public OrderOutput execute(CreateOrderInput input) {
        Order order = Order.create(input.getItems());
        paymentGateway.charge(order.totalAmount());
        orderGateway.save(order);
        return OrderOutput.from(order);
    }
}

Gateway Interface (defined in Use Case layer)

public interface OrderGateway {
    void save(Order order);
    Optional<Order> findById(String id);
}

Best Practices

• Concentrate business rules in Entities and Use Cases; avoid placing business logic in controllers or database layers
• Use interfaces to isolate I/O; this makes the core easy to replace and test
• Entities and Use Cases map naturally to DDD aggregates and domain services
• Test core layers with unit tests; test outer layers with integration or E2E tests

Resources

• Clean Architecture by Robert C. Martin
• https://blog.cleancoder.com/uncle-bob/2012/08/13/the-clean-architecture.html

Keywords

clean architecture, dependency rule, use case, entity, interface adapter, gateway, layer separation, DDD, testability

Weekly Installs

83

Repository

teachingai/full…k-skills

GitHub Stars

248

First Seen

Jan 24, 2026

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