TypeScript 最佳实践与代码规范指南 - 常量类型、接口设计、类型守卫与实用类型

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Const Types Pattern (REQUIRED)

// ✅ ALWAYS: Create const object first, then extract type
const STATUS = {
  ACTIVE: "active",
  INACTIVE: "inactive",
  PENDING: "pending",
} as const;

type Status = (typeof STATUS)[keyof typeof STATUS];

// ❌ NEVER: Direct union types
type Status = "active" | "inactive" | "pending";

Why? Single source of truth, runtime values, autocomplete, easier refactoring.

Flat Interfaces (REQUIRED)

// ✅ ALWAYS: One level depth, nested objects → dedicated interface
interface UserAddress {
  street: string;
  city: string;
}

interface User {
  id: string;
  name: string;
  address: UserAddress;  // Reference, not inline
}

interface Admin extends User {
  permissions: string[];
}

// ❌ NEVER: Inline nested objects
interface User {
  address: { street: string; city: string };  // NO!
}

Never Use any

// ✅ Use unknown for truly unknown types
function parse(input: unknown): User {
  if (isUser(input)) return input;
  throw new Error("Invalid input");
}

// ✅ Use generics for flexible types
function first<T>(arr: T[]): T | undefined {
  return arr[0];
}

// ❌ NEVER
function parse(input: any): any { }

Utility Types

Pick<User, "id" | "name">     // Select fields
Omit<User, "id">              // Exclude fields
Partial<User>                 // All optional
Required<User>                // All required
Readonly<User>                // All readonly
Record<string, User>          // Object type
Extract<Union, "a" | "b">     // Extract from union
Exclude<Union, "a">           // Exclude from union
NonNullable<T | null>         // Remove null/undefined
ReturnType<typeof fn>         // Function return type
Parameters<typeof fn>         // Function params tuple

Type Guards

function isUser(value: unknown): value is User {
  return (
    typeof value === "object" &&
    value !== null &&
    "id" in value &&
    "name" in value
  );
}

Coupled Optional Props (REQUIRED)

Do not model semantically coupled props as independent optionals — this allows invalid half-states that compile but break at runtime. Use discriminated unions with never to make invalid combinations impossible.

// ❌ BEFORE: Independent optionals — half-states allowed
interface PaginationProps {
  onPageChange?: (page: number) => void;
  pageSize?: number;
  currentPage?: number;
}

// ✅ AFTER: Discriminated union — shape is all-or-nothing
type ControlledPagination = {
  controlled: true;
  currentPage: number;
  pageSize: number;
  onPageChange: (page: number) => void;
};

type UncontrolledPagination = {
  controlled: false;
  currentPage?: never;
  pageSize?: never;
  onPageChange?: never;
};

type PaginationProps = ControlledPagination | UncontrolledPagination;

Key rule: If two or more props are only meaningful together, they belong to the same discriminated union branch. Mixing them as independent optionals shifts correctness responsibility from the type system to runtime guards.

Import Types

import type { User } from "./types";
import { createUser, type Config } from "./utils";

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First Seen

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