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Urban Planner Analyst Skill
Purpose
Analyze urban development and spatial organization through the disciplinary lens of urban planning, applying established frameworks (comprehensive planning, zoning, transit-oriented development), multiple theoretical approaches (modernist, new urbanist, smart growth, equity planning), and evidence-based practices to understand how cities function, grow, and can be shaped to meet community needs for sustainability, livability, and equity.
When to Use This Skill
- Development Project Evaluation : Assess proposed residential, commercial, or mixed-use developments
- Zoning and Land Use Decisions : Evaluate zoning changes, variances, comprehensive plan amendments
- Transportation Planning : Analyze transit systems, bike/ped infrastructure, transit-oriented development
- Sustainability Initiatives : Evaluate green infrastructure, climate action plans, energy-efficient development
- Equity and Affordability : Assess affordable housing policies, displacement risks, community benefits
- Infrastructure Planning : Evaluate water, sewer, utilities, parks, and public facilities
- Downtown Revitalization : Analyze strategies for urban cores, main streets, economic development
Core Philosophy: Planning Thinking
Urban planning rests on several fundamental principles:
The Public Interest : Planning serves the collective good, balancing individual property rights with community welfare. Planners advocate for the broader public interest while respecting diverse stakeholder perspectives.
Long-Term Perspective : Cities evolve over decades. Planning decisions made today shape communities for generations. Short-term thinking creates long-term problems.
Integrated Systems : Urban systems are interconnected. Land use affects transportation; transportation affects environment; environment affects health. Effective planning recognizes and leverages these connections.
Place-Based Solutions : Context matters. What works in one community may fail in another. Effective planning responds to local conditions, culture, and needs.
Equity and Justice : Planning decisions create winners and losers. Historically, planning has reinforced segregation and inequality. Contemporary practice must actively promote equity and repair past harms.
Sustainability : Development must meet present needs without compromising future generations. Environmental stewardship is foundational to planning practice.
Community Participation : Those affected by planning decisions should shape them. Meaningful engagement produces better plans and stronger community support.
Evidence-Based Decision-Making : Planning decisions should be grounded in data, research, and best practices while remaining open to innovation and local knowledge.
Theoretical Foundations (Expandable)
Foundation 1: Comprehensive Planning (Rational Planning Model)
Core Principles :
- Systematic analysis of existing conditions and future trends
- Goal-setting through community engagement
- Evaluation of alternative scenarios
- Selection of preferred future and implementation strategies
- Long-range vision (typically 20-30 years)
- Legally adopted policy document guiding development decisions
Key Insights :
- Comprehensive plans coordinate land use, transportation, housing, economic development, environment, and infrastructure
- Plans provide predictability for property owners and developers
- Regular updates needed as conditions change
- Implementation through zoning, capital improvements, and regulations
- Balance between flexibility and certainty
Key Thinkers :
- Daniel Burnham : "Make no little plans" - promoted comprehensive city planning
- Clarence Perry : Neighborhood unit concept integrating land use and schools
When to Apply :
- Developing or updating comprehensive plans
- Evaluating consistency of proposals with adopted plans
- Long-range visioning for communities
- Coordinating multiple planning elements
Sources :
Foundation 2: Zoning and Land Use Regulation
Core Principles :
- Separation of incompatible uses (industrial from residential)
- Regulation of density and building form
- Legally enforceable regulations implementing comprehensive plans
- Euclidean zoning (use-based) vs. form-based codes
- Tools include permitted uses, setbacks, height limits, FAR, parking requirements
Key Insights :
- Zoning is the primary tool for implementing comprehensive plans
- Can create or perpetuate segregation if not designed carefully
- Form-based codes focus on building design rather than use separation
- Mixed-use zoning promotes walkability and vibrant neighborhoods
- Flexibility mechanisms (PUDs, variances, conditional uses) balance rules with context
Historical Context :
- Village of Euclid v. Ambler Realty (1926) established constitutionality of zoning
- Early zoning often used to enforce racial segregation (since prohibited)
- Exclusionary zoning (large lots, single-family only) perpetuates economic segregation
When to Apply :
- Reviewing development proposals for compliance
- Evaluating zoning amendments or rezonings
- Designing new zoning codes
- Assessing barriers to affordable housing
Sources :
Foundation 3: Transit-Oriented Development (TOD)
Core Principles :
- Concentrate development near transit stations
- Mixed-use, higher-density development within walk distance (1/4 to 1/2 mile)
- Pedestrian-friendly design with active ground floors
- Reduced parking requirements
- Integration of land use and transportation planning
- "3V Framework": Node value (transit importance), Place value (station area quality), Market potential
Key Insights :
- TOD reduces auto dependence and greenhouse gas emissions
- Increases transit ridership and fare revenue
- Supports affordable housing through reduced transportation costs
- Requires supportive zoning and parking policies
- Equity concerns if TOD causes displacement ("transit-induced gentrification")
Key Thinkers :
- Peter Calthorpe : Pioneered TOD concept, emphasizing compact walkable development
- Robert Cervero : Research on TOD effectiveness and travel behavior
When to Apply :
- Planning around new or existing transit stations
- Evaluating development proposals near transit
- Designing station area plans
- Assessing transportation-land use coordination
Sources :
Foundation 4: New Urbanism and Smart Growth
Core Principles :
- New Urbanism : Traditional neighborhood design, mixed-use, walkability, architectural diversity, transit, narrow streets
- Smart Growth : Compact development, infill, transit, preservation of open space, range of housing types
- Alternatives to suburban sprawl
- Emphasis on sense of place and community
- Regional coordination of growth
Key Insights :
- Sprawl is costly: infrastructure, environmental impacts, social isolation
- Compact development more fiscally sustainable for municipalities
- Walkable neighborhoods support health, social connection, local businesses
- Housing diversity enables economic integration
- Preserve farmland and natural areas through urban growth boundaries
Key Thinkers :
- Andres Duany & Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk: New Urbanist architects, designed Seaside FL
- James Howard Kunstler : Critic of sprawl, author of "Geography of Nowhere"
When to Apply :
- Designing new neighborhoods or infill projects
- Evaluating alternatives to conventional suburban development
- Establishing urban growth boundaries
- Creating walkable downtowns
Sources :
Foundation 5: Equity Planning and Environmental Justice
Core Principles :
- Address historical injustices in planning (redlining, urban renewal, highway displacement)
- Center voices of marginalized communities in planning processes
- Equitable distribution of benefits and burdens
- Anti-displacement strategies
- Environmental justice: fair treatment regardless of race or income
- Health equity: all communities deserve healthy environments
Key Insights :
- Past planning decisions created present inequities
- Gentrification and displacement disproportionately harm communities of color
- Community benefits agreements can ensure equitable outcomes
- Participatory planning methods empower residents
- Housing affordability requires intentional policies (inclusionary zoning, land trusts)
Key Thinkers :
- Norman Krumholz : Equity planning director in Cleveland, prioritized needs of disadvantaged
- Robert Bullard : Environmental justice scholar, documented environmental racism
When to Apply :
- Assessing displacement risks from development or transit
- Designing inclusive community engagement
- Evaluating environmental burdens (pollution, hazards)
- Developing affordable housing strategies
Sources :
Core Analytical Frameworks (Expandable)
Framework 1: Comprehensive Plan Analysis
Definition : "Long-range policy document guiding land use, transportation, housing, economic development, infrastructure, and environmental protection decisions"
Key Components :
- Land Use Element : Future land use map, density allocations, growth areas
- Transportation Element : Street network, transit, bike/ped facilities
- Housing Element : Needs assessment, affordability goals, strategies
- Economic Development Element : Job creation, business districts, tax base
- Natural Resources Element : Parks, open space, environmentally sensitive areas
- Implementation Element : Zoning updates, capital improvements, timelines
Applications :
- Evaluating consistency of development proposals with adopted plans
- Identifying areas designated for growth vs. preservation
- Assessing whether plans balance competing community goals
- Determining need for plan amendments
Example Analysis :
- Proposed 200-unit apartment building in area designated "Low Density Residential" in comp plan → Inconsistency requires plan amendment or project redesign
- Development proposal in designated growth area near transit with mixed-use zoning → Consistent with plan goals
Sources :
Framework 2: Zoning Compliance and Code Evaluation
Definition : "Assessment of development proposals against zoning regulations including permitted uses, dimensional standards, and design requirements"
Key Evaluation Criteria :
- Permitted Use : Is proposed use allowed by-right, conditional, or prohibited?
- Dimensional Standards : Setbacks, height limits, lot coverage, FAR (floor-area ratio)
- Parking Requirements : Minimum (or maximum) parking spaces required
- Design Standards : Architectural requirements, landscaping, screening, lighting
- Density : Units per acre (residential) or FAR (commercial)
Common Zoning Tools :
- Variance : Relief from dimensional standards due to hardship
- Conditional Use Permit : Additional review for uses requiring special conditions
- Planned Unit Development (PUD) : Flexibility in exchange for amenities
- Overlay Zones : Additional regulations for specific areas (historic, environmental)
Applications :
- Determining whether proposal complies with current zoning
- Identifying what relief (variance, rezoning) is needed
- Evaluating appropriateness of requested zoning changes
- Assessing impacts of proposed code amendments
Example Analysis :
- Retail building in C-1 zone requires 4 spaces per 1,000 sq ft → 10,000 sq ft building needs 40 spaces. Site provides 30 → Variance needed for 10-space shortfall
Sources :
Framework 3: Transportation and Accessibility Analysis
Definition : "Evaluation of how land use patterns and transportation systems interact to provide mobility and access for all users"
Key Metrics :
- Level of Service (LOS) : Traffic flow rating (A-F)
- Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT) : Total distance driven, sustainability metric
- Walk Score / Bike Score : Accessibility to destinations by walking or cycling
- Transit Access : Proximity to transit, frequency of service
- Complete Streets : Design accommodating all modes (vehicles, transit, bikes, pedestrians)
Analysis Methods :
- Traffic impact studies for proposed developments
- Multimodal level of service analysis
- Pedestrian network connectivity assessments
- Transit shed analysis (areas within walk distance of stations)
- Safety audits (crash data, road design)
Applications :
- Evaluating transportation impacts of developments
- Prioritizing street improvements and transit investments
- Assessing walkability and bikeability
- Designing TOD station areas
- Evaluating parking policies
Example Analysis :
- Mixed-use development generates 2,000 daily vehicle trips but located near transit (1/4 mile), high Walk Score (85) → Reduced parking requirement justified, sustainable transportation pattern
Sources :
Framework 4: Environmental and Sustainability Assessment
Definition : "Evaluation of development's environmental impacts and contribution to sustainability goals"
Key Assessment Areas :
- Climate Impact : Greenhouse gas emissions, energy use, renewable energy
- Stormwater Management : Impervious surfaces, green infrastructure, water quality
- Air Quality : Pollution from transportation and buildings
- Biodiversity : Habitat preservation, tree canopy, green space
- Resource Efficiency : Water use, waste reduction, sustainable materials
- Resilience : Flood risk, heat islands, climate adaptation
Planning Tools :
- LEED for Neighborhood Development (LEED-ND) certification
- Green infrastructure requirements (bioswales, rain gardens, green roofs)
- Energy benchmarking and building performance standards
- Urban tree canopy goals
- Climate action plans with emissions reduction targets
Applications :
- Reviewing environmental impact statements
- Evaluating green building certifications
- Assessing climate action plan implementation
- Prioritizing nature-based solutions
- Evaluating development in floodplains or hazard areas
Example Analysis :
- Development proposes 3 acres impervious surface, site has stream buffer → Requires stormwater management plan with bioretention, permeable pavement, rain gardens to meet water quality standards
Sources :
Framework 5: Housing Affordability and Anti-Displacement Analysis
Definition : "Assessment of housing costs, availability, and strategies to ensure housing accessible to all income levels"
Key Metrics :
- Cost Burden : % of income spent on housing (>30% considered burdened)
- Affordable Housing Gap : Difference between needed and available affordable units
- Area Median Income (AMI) : Reference point for defining affordability levels
- Displacement Risk : Indicators of gentrification and resident displacement
Affordability Strategies :
- Inclusionary Zoning : Require or incentivize affordable units in new development
- Density Bonuses : Allow more units if some are affordable
- Community Land Trusts : Nonprofit owns land, ensures permanent affordability
- Accessory Dwelling Units (ADUs) : Allow backyard cottages, in-law units
- Zoning Reform : Eliminate single-family zoning, allow missing middle housing
Displacement Prevention :
- Rent stabilization or control policies
- Anti-displacement tax policies (property tax relief)
- Community preference policies for affordable housing
- Legal aid and tenant protections
- Community benefits agreements for large projects
Applications :
- Assessing housing needs and affordability gaps
- Evaluating inclusionary zoning policies
- Identifying displacement risk areas
- Designing anti-displacement strategies around TOD
- Reviewing affordable housing development proposals
Example Analysis :
- Neighborhood median rent increased 45% in 5 years, low-income residents declining 30% → High displacement risk. Strategies: rent stabilization, community land trust acquisitions, legal aid funding
Sources :
Methodological Approaches (Expandable)
Method 1: Comprehensive Planning Process
Purpose : "Create long-range vision and policies guiding community development over 20-30 years"
Approach :
- Kickoff and Visioning - Engage community, define values and aspirations
- Existing Conditions Analysis - Demographics, land use, housing, transportation, economy, environment
- Trends and Projections - Population, employment, land needs forecasts
- Goal Setting - Specific, measurable goals for each plan element
- Alternative Scenarios - Explore different growth patterns and their implications
- Preferred Scenario Selection - Community chooses future vision
- Detailed Policies - Specific policies for land use, transportation, housing, etc.
- Implementation Strategy - Zoning updates, capital improvements, programs, timeline
- Adoption - Public hearings, legislative adoption
- Monitoring - Track progress, update as needed
Strengths :
- Comprehensive view of community issues and opportunities
- Integrates multiple planning elements
- Provides policy foundation for development decisions
- Extensive community engagement
- Long-term perspective
Applications :
- Cities and counties creating or updating comprehensive plans
- Neighborhood or small area plans
- Regional growth management strategies
- Coordinating multiple jurisdictions
Sources :
Method 2: Site Plan and Development Review
Purpose : "Evaluate proposed development projects for consistency with plans, codes, and community standards"
Approach :
- Preliminary Review - Pre-application meeting, concept feedback
- Application Submittal - Site plans, architectural drawings, impact studies
- Staff Review - Planning, engineering, utilities, fire, other departments
- Public Notice - Inform neighbors and public of proposed project
- Public Hearing - Planning commission or board considers proposal
- Staff Report - Analysis with recommendation (approve, deny, conditions)
- Decision - Approval with or without conditions, denial with reasons
- Appeals - Right to appeal to elected body or courts
- Construction - Permit issuance, inspections, certificate of occupancy
Review Criteria :
- Compliance with comprehensive plan and zoning
- Adequacy of infrastructure (water, sewer, roads)
- Environmental impacts and mitigation
- Traffic and parking impacts
- Design quality and compatibility with surroundings
- Community benefits and amenities
Applications :
- Residential subdivisions
- Commercial and industrial developments
- Mixed-use projects
- Rezonings and variances
Sources :
Method 3: Community Engagement and Participatory Planning
Purpose : "Meaningfully involve residents and stakeholders in planning processes to ensure plans reflect community needs and have public support"
Approach :
- Stakeholder Identification - Map community groups, organizations, interests
- Engagement Strategy - Multiple methods for diverse audiences
- Information Sharing - Clear, accessible information about plans and issues
- Input Collection - Surveys, workshops, online tools, focus groups
- Deliberation - Facilitated discussions to explore trade-offs
- Co-Creation - Community members help design solutions
- Feedback Loops - "Here's what we heard, here's how we responded"
- Decision-Making - Clarity about who decides and how input is used
- Implementation Partnership - Community involved in carrying out plans
Engagement Methods :
- Public meetings and workshops
- Online surveys and interactive mapping (e.g., Social Pinpoint)
- Pop-up events at community locations
- Focus groups with specific populations
- Design charrettes (intensive collaborative design sessions)
- Advisory committees representing diverse stakeholders
- One-on-one interviews with key informants
Equity Considerations :
- Overcome barriers to participation (time, location, language, childcare)
- Actively recruit underrepresented voices
- Go to where people are, don't just wait for them to come
- Compensate community members for their time and expertise
- Ensure decision-makers hear community input directly
Strengths :
- Plans better reflect community needs and values
- Builds public support and political will
- Surfaces local knowledge and innovative ideas
- Increases trust in government
- Empowers residents, particularly in marginalized communities
Applications :
- Comprehensive plan updates
- Neighborhood and corridor plans
- Major development proposals
- Transportation and infrastructure projects
- Parks and recreation master plans
Sources :
Method 4: GIS and Spatial Analysis
Purpose : "Use geographic information systems to analyze spatial patterns, model scenarios, and communicate planning information"
Approach :
- Data Collection - Parcel data, zoning, land use, demographics, environment, infrastructure
- Data Integration - Combine datasets in GIS platform
- Spatial Analysis - Proximity, overlay, suitability, network analysis
- Modeling - Scenario planning, build-out analysis, impact assessment
- Visualization - Maps, 3D models, dashboards communicating findings
- Public Access - Interactive web maps for community use
Key GIS Applications :
- Land Suitability Analysis : Identify best locations for development based on multiple criteria
- Build-Out Analysis : Model ultimate development under current zoning
- Accessibility Analysis : Measure distance to services, transit, jobs
- Equity Mapping : Visualize disparities in resources, hazards, outcomes
- Growth Scenarios : Model alternative futures and their impacts
- Real-Time Data : Dashboards tracking development activity, housing costs
Strengths :
- Reveals spatial patterns invisible in tables or text
- Integrates multiple data layers for holistic analysis
- Models "what-if" scenarios before implementation
- Communicates complex information clearly
- Supports evidence-based decision-making
Applications :
- Comprehensive plan existing conditions and scenarios
- Site selection for facilities or affordable housing
- Transit shed and walkability analysis
- Environmental constraint mapping
- Equity assessments and opportunity mapping
Sources :
Method 5: Fiscal Impact Analysis
Purpose : "Estimate municipal revenues and costs associated with proposed development to assess fiscal sustainability"
Approach :
- Development Characteristics - Units, square footage, use types, timeline
- Revenue Estimation - Property taxes, sales taxes, fees, permits
- Cost Estimation - Services (fire, police, schools, parks), infrastructure (water, sewer, roads)
- Net Fiscal Impact - Compare revenues to costs, annualized and cumulative
- Sensitivity Analysis - Test assumptions about assessed values, service costs
- Comparison - Compare to alternative development scenarios or no development
Key Considerations :
- Residential development often fiscally negative (especially single-family)
- Commercial/industrial development typically fiscally positive
- Mixed-use can balance fiscal impacts
- Infrastructure costs (especially new systems) can be very high
- Long-term maintenance costs often overlooked
Applications :
- Evaluating annexation proposals
- Comparing alternative development scenarios
- Assessing impact of zoning changes
- Prioritizing investments in infrastructure
- Making case for infill vs. greenfield development
Sources :
Analysis Rubric
What to Examine
Land Use Patterns :
- Current land use distribution (residential, commercial, industrial, open space)
- Zoning districts and allowed uses
- Development density and intensity
- Mixed-use vs. single-use areas
- Vacant and underutilized land
Transportation and Accessibility :
- Street network connectivity and design
- Transit service and ridership
- Bike and pedestrian infrastructure
- Parking supply and management
- Vehicle miles traveled (VMT) and congestion
Housing :
- Housing types and diversity
- Affordability levels and cost burden
- Vacancy rates
- Displacement risk indicators
- Regulatory barriers to affordability
Economic and Fiscal :
- Employment centers and job types
- Commercial vitality and vacancy
- Tax base and fiscal health
- Development activity and trends
Environment and Sustainability :
- Green space and tree canopy
- Impervious surface and stormwater
- Climate vulnerability (flooding, heat)
- Energy use and emissions
- Environmental justice concerns
Equity and Social :
- Demographic changes and diversity
- Access to services and amenities
- Environmental burden distribution
- Community engagement and trust
- Historical inequities and harms
Questions to Ask
About the Proposal :
- Is this development consistent with the comprehensive plan?
- Does it comply with zoning or require relief?
- What are the transportation impacts and access for all modes?
- What are the environmental impacts and mitigation measures?
- How does it contribute to housing needs and affordability?
- What are the fiscal impacts (revenues vs. service costs)?
- Does it enhance or harm livability and sense of place?
About Equity :
- Who benefits and who is burdened by this decision?
- Does it address or exacerbate existing disparities?
- Were affected communities meaningfully engaged?
- What are displacement risks and mitigation strategies?
- Does it provide community benefits (jobs, affordable housing, amenities)?
About Sustainability :
- How does it affect greenhouse gas emissions?
- Does it support or undermine climate resilience?
- What is the stormwater and water quality impact?
- Does it preserve or degrade natural resources?
- Is it designed for long-term adaptability?
About Context :
- How does it fit with surrounding development pattern?
- Does it respect neighborhood character or enhance it?
- What are the cumulative impacts with other projects?
- Are there precedents or models to reference?
Factors to Consider
Regulatory Framework :
- Comprehensive plan policies and future land use
- Zoning regulations and design standards
- State and federal requirements (environmental, accessibility)
- Approval process and decision criteria
Community Context :
- Neighborhood history and character
- Community priorities and concerns
- Demographic and socioeconomic conditions
- Existing plans and studies
Market and Economic :
- Demand for different land uses and housing types
- Economic development goals
- Fiscal capacity and constraints
- Development feasibility
Physical Constraints :
- Topography, soils, geology
- Flood zones and wetlands
- Infrastructure capacity (water, sewer, roads)
- Environmental sensitive areas
Historical Parallels
Urban Renewal (1950s-1970s) :
- Federal program cleared "blighted" neighborhoods
- Disproportionately destroyed thriving Black communities
- Lesson: Top-down planning without community voice causes harm
Interstate Highway System :
- Highways often routed through minority neighborhoods
- Created barriers, pollution, displacement
- Lesson: Infrastructure decisions have profound equity implications
Euclidean Zoning and Exclusionary Zoning :
- Zoning used to enforce racial and economic segregation
- Large-lot zoning excludes affordable housing
- Lesson: Seemingly neutral regulations can perpetuate injustice
New Urbanist Developments :
- Seaside FL, Kentlands MD demonstrate walkable design
- Some criticism as elite enclaves
- Lesson: Good design principles must be accessible to all incomes
Form-Based Codes :
- Miami, Denver adopted codes emphasizing form over use
- Enable mixed-use, walkability, predictable character
- Lesson: Alternative regulatory approaches can achieve better outcomes
Implications to Explore
Implementation :
- What regulatory changes are needed (comp plan, zoning, codes)?
- What infrastructure investments are required?
- What funding sources and financing mechanisms?
- What implementation timeline?
Precedent and Replicability :
- Does approval set precedent for similar requests?
- Is this approach replicable to other areas?
- What are lessons for future projects?
Monitoring and Evaluation :
- How will outcomes be measured?
- What indicators track progress toward goals?
- When should plans be updated?
Step-by-Step Analysis Process
Step 1: Understand Context and Scope
Actions :
- Define the planning issue, project, or proposal
- Identify the geographic area and jurisdictions involved
- Review relevant plans, policies, and regulations
- Understand community history, demographics, and character
- Identify key stakeholders and decision-makers
Tools/Frameworks :
- Comprehensive plan review
- Zoning code review
- Demographic and economic data (Census, local studies)
- Previous planning studies
Outputs :
- Clear problem or project definition
- Regulatory and policy context
- Stakeholder map
- Baseline understanding of community
Step 2: Analyze Existing Conditions
Actions :
- Assess current land use patterns and zoning
- Evaluate transportation networks and accessibility
- Examine housing stock and affordability
- Review economic activity and fiscal health
- Map environmental features and constraints
- Analyze equity and access to opportunity
Tools/Frameworks :
- GIS mapping and spatial analysis
- Field observations and photo documentation
- Data analysis (housing, transportation, demographics)
- Community input and local knowledge
Outputs :
- Existing conditions maps and analysis
- Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats (SWOT)
- Data-driven understanding of conditions
- Community-identified issues and priorities
Step 3: Evaluate Consistency with Plans and Regulations
Actions :
- Compare proposal to comprehensive plan policies and future land use map
- Assess zoning compliance (use, dimensional, design standards)
- Identify needed variances, rezonings, or plan amendments
- Review state and federal requirements (environmental, historic, accessibility)
Tools/Frameworks :
- Comprehensive plan analysis
- Zoning compliance checklist
- Regulatory matrix
Outputs :
- Consistency determination (consistent, inconsistent, requires amendment)
- List of required approvals and relief
- Identified regulatory barriers or conflicts
Step 4: Assess Impacts
Actions :
- Transportation : Trip generation, LOS, VMT, multimodal access
- Environment : Stormwater, air quality, habitat, climate impact
- Housing : Units added, affordability levels, displacement risk
- Fiscal : Revenue and cost projections, net fiscal impact
- Community : Livability, character, access to services
- Equity : Distribution of benefits and burdens, vulnerable populations
Tools/Frameworks :
- Traffic impact analysis
- Environmental impact assessment
- Fiscal impact analysis
- Equity impact assessment
- Community engagement and input
Outputs :
- Impact assessment report
- Mitigation measures needed
- Benefits and concerns identified
- Equity analysis
Step 5: Develop and Evaluate Alternatives
Actions :
- Generate alternative scenarios or design options
- Compare alternatives on key criteria (land use, transportation, environment, equity, fiscal)
- Model build-out and long-term implications
- Engage community in scenario evaluation
- Identify preferred alternative or hybrid approach
Tools/Frameworks :
- GIS scenario modeling
- Multi-criteria evaluation matrix
- Visual preference surveys
- Fiscal and environmental modeling
Outputs :
- Alternative scenarios described and visualized
- Comparative evaluation showing trade-offs
- Community and stakeholder input on alternatives
- Preferred alternative identified
Step 6: Formulate Recommendations and Policies
Actions :
- Draft specific recommendations addressing identified issues
- Propose policy changes, zoning amendments, or design guidelines
- Identify implementation actions (regulations, capital investments, programs)
- Specify mitigation measures and conditions of approval
- Prioritize recommendations and actions
- Estimate costs and funding sources
Tools/Frameworks :
- Policy and regulatory language drafting
- Implementation matrix (action, responsible party, timeline, funding)
- Cost estimation
Outputs :
- Specific, actionable recommendations
- Draft policy language or regulatory amendments
- Implementation strategy with timeline and budget
- Conditions of approval for development proposals
Step 7: Engage Community and Stakeholders
Actions :
- Present analysis and recommendations to community
- Conduct workshops, surveys, or focus groups
- Respond to community input and revise recommendations
- Build consensus among diverse stakeholders
- Prepare materials for decision-makers
Tools/Frameworks :
- Public workshops and charrettes
- Online engagement platforms
- Stakeholder advisory committees
- "Here's what we heard" summaries
Outputs :
- Community input integrated into recommendations
- Stakeholder support or consensus
- Public hearing materials
- Final plan or staff report
Step 8: Facilitate Decision-Making
Actions :
- Prepare staff report with recommendation
- Present analysis to planning commission or city council
- Respond to questions and concerns
- Facilitate public hearing process
- Document decision and rationale
Tools/Frameworks :
- Staff report format (background, analysis, recommendation)
- Presentation to decision-makers
- Public hearing procedures
Outputs :
- Adopted plan, policy, or development approval
- Decision documented with findings and conditions
- Clear next steps for implementation
Step 9: Plan for Implementation and Monitoring
Actions :
- Identify regulatory updates needed (zoning, codes, guidelines)
- Prioritize capital improvements (infrastructure, facilities, parks)
- Establish funding strategies and budget requests
- Assign responsibilities for implementation actions
- Define metrics and monitoring process
- Set schedule for plan updates
Tools/Frameworks :
- Implementation matrix
- Capital improvement programming
- Performance metrics and indicators
- Monitoring dashboard
Outputs :
- Implementation plan with specific actions, timeline, responsibilities
- Budget and funding strategy
- Monitoring framework to track progress
- Process for future updates
Usage Examples
Example 1: Transit-Oriented Development Proposal
Event : Developer proposes 300-unit mixed-use building with ground-floor retail at light rail station, requesting density bonus and reduced parking.
Analysis Process :
Step 1 - Understand Context : Station area designated "Transit-Oriented Development District" in comprehensive plan. Current zoning allows 60 units/acre; proposal is 100 units/acre. Area gentrifying; median rents increased 35% in 3 years. Neighborhood association concerned about displacement and parking spillover.
Step 2 - Existing Conditions :
- Site currently surface parking lot (underutilized)
- Within 1/4 mile of station (5-minute walk)
- Walk Score 78 (Very Walkable), Transit Score 85 (Excellent)
- Surrounding area mix of older single-family homes and newer apartments
- Limited affordable housing in neighborhood
- On-street parking heavily used
Step 3 - Plan/Zoning Consistency :
- Comp plan: "Encourage higher-density mixed-use near transit" → Consistent
- Zoning: TOD District allows up to 80 units/acre by-right, 120 with bonuses → Requires density bonus
- Parking: Code requires 1.5 spaces/unit (450 spaces); proposal provides 0.5 spaces/unit (150 spaces) → Variance needed
Step 4 - Assess Impacts :
Transportation :
- Trip generation: 1,800 daily trips but 40% transit mode share near station (vs. 10% citywide) → 1,080 vehicle trips
- Parking: 150 spaces provided. Study shows 0.6 spaces/unit occupied at similar TOD buildings → Adequate for residents
- Retail parking: 25 spaces for 15,000 sq ft retail → 1.7 per 1K, adequate for urban location
Environment :
- Site currently impervious parking lot → No net increase in impervious surface
- Green roof and bioswales proposed → Improved stormwater management
- High-performance building, all-electric → Low carbon emissions
- Walkable location reduces VMT → Climate positive
Housing and Equity :
- 300 units added in high-demand location → Increases supply
- No affordable units proposed → Misses opportunity
- Area at risk of displacement → Could accelerate gentrification
- City inclusionary zoning requires 15% affordable for density bonus (45 units at 60% AMI)
Fiscal :
- Estimated $12M annual property taxes → Significant revenue
- Municipal service costs estimated $2M/year → Net positive $10M annually
- Infrastructure adequate; no capital costs needed
Community Impact :
- Activates station area, supports transit ridership and retail
- Modern design; some say incompatible with historic homes nearby
- Concerns about parking spillover and traffic
- Concerns about displacement and affordability
Step 5 - Alternatives :
- As Proposed : 300 units, 150 parking spaces, no affordable units
- With Inclusionary : 300 units (255 market + 45 affordable), 150 parking, density bonus approved
- Reduced Density : 240 units (by-right), 360 parking, no affordability required
- Hybrid : 270 units, 30 on-site affordable, 180 parking, modest density bonus
Step 6 - Recommendation : Approve with conditions :
- Density Bonus : Grant 100 units/acre in exchange for 45 affordable units (15%) at 60% AMI, consistent with inclusionary policy
- Parking Variance : Approve 0.5 spaces/unit based on TOD location, transit access, and study data, with conditions:
- Unbundle parking (rent separately) to discourage car ownership
- Provide car-share and bike-share on-site
- Monitor and address spillover if it occurs
- Anti-Displacement : Developer contributes $1M to city affordable housing fund for nearby displacement prevention
- Design : Stepback upper floors along residential streets to reduce massing
- Retail : Ground floor retail prioritizes local businesses
Rationale :
- Consistent with comp plan TOD goals
- Density bonus appropriately conditioned on affordable housing
- Reduced parking justified by location and mode share data
- Addresses community concerns about affordability and parking
- Activates transit station, reduces VMT, fiscally positive
- Balances growth with equity
Step 7 - Community Engagement :
- Neighborhood meeting: 50 attendees, concerns about parking and affordability
- Online survey: 200 responses, 65% support with affordable housing
- Developer revised: Added affordable units, increased parking slightly (150 to 180)
- Advisory committee recommended approval with conditions
Step 8 - Decision : Planning commission approved 6-1 with recommended conditions. Dissenting commissioner concerned about parking. Developer accepted conditions; project proceeding.
Step 9 - Implementation :
- Zoning amendment for density bonus processed
- Building permit application under review
- Affordable housing agreement recorded
- Parking monitoring plan established
- Anti-displacement fund contribution paid
Key Findings :
- TOD location justifies reduced parking and higher density
- Inclusionary zoning ensures community benefits
- Fiscal analysis shows strong positive net impact
- Community engagement surfaced concerns addressed through conditions
- Project advances sustainability, housing, and transit goals
Frameworks Applied :
- Comprehensive plan consistency analysis
- Transit-oriented development (3V Framework)
- Zoning compliance and variance criteria
- Housing affordability analysis
- Fiscal impact analysis
- Equity impact assessment
- Community engagement
Example 2: Downtown Main Street Revitalization
Event : Small city seeks to revitalize declining downtown Main Street with vacant storefronts, aging buildings, and limited foot traffic.
Analysis Process :
Step 1 - Context : Historic downtown, 4 blocks of 2-3 story brick buildings built 1880-1920. Retail declined as suburban strip malls opened. Current conditions: 30% vacancy, aging infrastructure, limited parking, but historic character intact. City wants economic development without losing character.
Step 2 - Existing Conditions Analysis :
Strengths :
- Intact historic building stock, architecturally significant
- Compact walkable blocks (300 ft long)
- Some successful businesses (restaurants, brewpub, bookstore)
- Farmers market on Saturdays draws crowds
- Residential neighborhoods within walking distance
Weaknesses :
- High vacancy (30%)
- Deferred maintenance on buildings
- Limited parking perceived as problem (though actual occupancy only 60%)
- Upper floors vacant (could be housing)
- Aging infrastructure (sidewalks, streetlights, utilities)
Opportunities :
- Convert upper floors to housing (200+ potential units)
- Attract creative economy businesses
- Leverage historic character for tourism
- Improve pedestrian environment
- Coordinate with farmers market success
Threats :
- Continued retail decline if no action
- Building demolition if deferred maintenance continues
- Competition from online retail
- Gentrification if done poorly
Step 3 - Vision and Goals : Through community workshops, developed shared vision:
- "A vibrant, historic downtown that is the heart of our community"
- Mix of local businesses, restaurants, services, and housing
- Welcoming pedestrian environment
- Historic character preserved
- Accessible to all residents
Goals :
- Reduce vacancy to <10%
- Add 150 housing units in upper floors
- Improve streetscape and pedestrian environment
- Preserve historic buildings
- Support local businesses
Step 4 - Strategy Development :
Zoning and Regulatory :
- Create Downtown Mixed-Use District zoning
- Allow residential in upper floors by-right (currently conditional)
- Reduce parking requirements (from 4 per 1K sf retail to 2 per 1K sf)
- Adopt form-based design standards preserving historic character
- Streamline historic preservation review for compatible improvements
Public Investments (5-year Capital Improvement Plan):
- Streetscape improvements ($2M): wider sidewalks, street trees, benches, lighting, crosswalks
- Facade improvement grants ($500K): match private investment in building exteriors
- Infrastructure upgrades ($1.5M): water, sewer, stormwater, underground utilities
- Parking: Shared public lot (100 spaces, $1.5M) serving multiple blocks
Business Support :
- Revolving loan fund for downtown businesses ($250K)
- Business recruitment targeting creative economy (makerspaces, studios, tech)
- Marketing and events ($100K annually): expand farmers market, street festivals, holiday lights
- Business association support and capacity building
Housing Development :
- Upper-floor housing conversion program: Technical assistance, financing, expedited permits
- Target: 150 units over 5 years
- Mix of market-rate and affordable (20% affordable through density bonus)
- Building code flexibility for adaptive reuse
Historic Preservation :
- Expand local historic district
- Preservation design guidelines
- Tax incentives for historic building rehabilitation (state and federal)
Step 5 - Impact Assessment :
Economic and Fiscal :
- $15M total investment ($5M public, $10M leveraged private)
- New jobs: 50 retail/service, 25 construction (during build-out)
- New tax base from housing and commercial ($800K annual increase)
- Retail sales increase projected 25% ($200K annual sales tax)
- Tourism increase from destination downtown
Housing :
- 150 new housing units (120 market, 30 affordable)
- Increases downtown residential population from 50 to 500
- Supports retail through "built-in customers"
- Affordable units address citywide shortage
Sustainability :
- Adaptive reuse reduces embodied carbon vs. demolition/new construction
- Walkable downtown reduces VMT
- Infill development preserves farmland at city edges
- Street trees and green infrastructure improve stormwater
Equity :
- Affordable housing requirement ensures economic diversity
- Local business focus vs. chains
- Events accessible to all (free farmers market, festivals)
- Risk: Gentrification if not managed carefully
Step 6 - Recommendations :
Year 1 :
- Adopt Downtown Mixed-Use zoning and design guidelines
- Launch facade grant program
- Complete streetscape design
- Recruit first upper-floor housing conversion
Years 2-3 :
- Construct streetscape improvements (phase 1: 2 blocks)
- Complete 3-5 upper-floor housing conversions (50 units)
- Build shared parking lot
- Attract 5-10 new businesses
Years 4-5 :
- Complete streetscape (remaining 2 blocks)
- Complete additional housing conversions (100 more units)
- Expand farmers market and events
- Evaluate and adjust strategies
Step 7 - Community Engagement :
- Downtown visioning workshop: 100 participants, strong support
- Business owner focus group: Concerns about construction disruption, parking
- Design charrette: Community designed preferred streetscape
- Advisory committee with downtown businesses, property owners, residents
- Monthly construction coordination meetings to minimize disruption
Step 8 - Adoption : City council unanimously adopted downtown plan and committed funding. Zoning amendments approved. First CIP projects budgeted. Business association enthusiastic partner.
Step 9 - Implementation :
Year 2 Progress :
- 4 facade grants awarded, buildings renovated
- 2 upper-floor housing projects (30 units) under construction
- Streetscape phase 1 completed: transformed 2 blocks
- 6 new businesses opened, vacancy down to 22%
- Parking lot designed, construction year 3
- Annual "First Friday" art walk drawing 500+ people
Key Findings :
- Coordinated strategy combining zoning reform, public investment, and business support
- Historic preservation and revitalization compatible
- Streetscape improvements catalyze private investment
- Housing in downtown creates vitality
- Community ownership of vision critical to success
- Fiscal analysis shows positive ROI on public investment
Frameworks Applied :
- Comprehensive planning (vision, goals, implementation)
- Form-based code and historic preservation
- Economic development strategy
- Fiscal impact analysis
- Participatory planning (charrette, workshops)
- Capital improvement programming
Example 3: Affordable Housing Strategy
Event : City faces severe housing affordability crisis with median home price 8x median income, 50% of renters cost-burdened, and increasing homelessness. Task force develops comprehensive affordable housing strategy.
Analysis Process :
Step 1 - Context :
- Median home price $640K (up 80% in 5 years)
- Median household income $80K
- 50% of renters pay >30% of income for housing
- 2,000 households on waiting list for affordable housing (5-year wait)
- 500 people experiencing homelessness
- Single-family zoning covers 75% of residential land
- Almost no affordable housing production (20 units/year vs. 500 needed)
Step 2 - Housing Needs Assessment :
Affordability Gap by Income Level :
- Extremely Low Income (0-30% AMI): 3,500 households, 200 affordable units available → 3,300 gap
- Very Low Income (30-50% AMI): 2,800 households, 800 units available → 2,000 gap
- Low Income (50-80% AMI): 3,200 households, 1,500 units available → 1,700 gap
- Total affordable housing gap: 7,000 units
Production Goal : 500 affordable units/year for 10 years to close gap
Step 3 - Barriers to Affordable Housing :
Regulatory Barriers :
- 75% of land zoned single-family only (exclusionary)
- Low density limits (max 20 units/acre even in multifamily zones)
- Parking requirements (2 spaces/unit) add $50K per unit cost
- Lengthy approval process (18-24 months)
- High development fees ($25K per unit)
Financial Barriers :
- Land costs very high ($2M per acre)
- Construction costs $350K per unit
- Financing gap: $150K per affordable unit (subsidy needed)
- Limited public funding ($5M annually vs. $75M needed)
Community Barriers :
- Neighborhood opposition to affordable housing (NIMBYism)
- Negative stereotypes about affordable housing residents
- Fears about property values, parking, schools
Step 4 - Strategy Development :
Regulatory Reform (Increase housing capacity):
- Eliminate single-family zoning : Allow duplexes, triplexes, fourplexes (missing middle) citywide
- Upzone near transit : Allow 60-100 units/acre within 1/2 mile of stations
- Reduce parking requirements : 1 space/unit near transit, allow shared parking
- Legalize ADUs : Allow accessory dwelling units in all zones, streamline permitting
- Streamline approvals : Ministerial approval for projects meeting objective standards
- Reduce fees : Waive development fees for affordable housing
Inclusionary Zoning :
- Require 15% affordable units in new developments >10 units
- Affordability: 10% at 60% AMI, 5% at 80% AMI
- Alternative: Pay in-lieu fee ($75K per unit) to affordable housing fund
- Density bonus: 20-30% more units if affordable units provided
- Projected production: 150 affordable units/year from market-rate development
Dedicated Funding :
- Real estate transfer tax (0.5% on sales >$500K) → $15M annually
- Employer housing fee ($500/employee for large employers) → $8M annually
- General fund allocation $10M annually
- Federal/state funding $12M annually
- Total: $45M annual funding
Land Acquisition :
- Establish affordable housing land trust
- Acquire sites proactively for affordable development
- Use surplus public land for affordable housing
- Partner with community land trusts
Development Programs :
- Extremely Low Income : Permanent supportive housing for homeless (200 units, $80M)
- Very Low Income : Public housing replacement and new construction (150 units/year)
- Low-Moderate Income : Workforce housing, homeownership assistance
- ADUs : Financing and technical assistance program (100 ADUs/year)
Preservation :
- Acquire at-risk affordable housing for long-term affordability
- Tenant protections: Just cause eviction, relocation assistance
- Property tax relief for low-income homeowners
Anti-Displacement :
- Tenant legal aid and counseling
- Emergency rental assistance
- Community preference policies (existing residents priority)
- Anti-displacement tax policies (cap property tax increases)
Step 5 - Impact Projections :
Housing Production (10 years):
- Inclusionary zoning: 1,500 units
- Direct public production: 1,500 units
- ADUs: 1,000 units
- Missing middle (market producing affordable): 500 units
- Preservation: 500 units
- Total: 5,000 affordable units (closes 70% of gap)
Fiscal Analysis :
- Annual funding required: $45M
- Cost per unit: $300K (leveraging state/federal funds)
- Alternative cost: Homelessness services $50K per person/year
- Long-term property tax revenue from new housing
Equity Impact :
- Prioritizes extremely and very low-income households
- Anti-displacement protections for current residents
- Citywide affordable housing distribution (not concentrated)
- Tenant protections and legal aid
- Homeownership pathways for wealth building
Step 6 - Recommendations :
Immediate Actions (Year 1):
- City council adopts comprehensive strategy
- Eliminate single-family zoning, allow missing middle
- Legalize ADUs with streamlined permitting
- Establish affordable housing fund with dedicated revenue
- Adopt inclusionary zoning policy
- Launch tenant protection ordinances
Phase 1 (Years 1-3):
- Upzone transit corridors
- Reduce parking requirements
- Land acquisition for 500 units
- Start permanent supportive housing projects (200 units)
- ADU program launch (target 100/year)
- Preservation of 200 at-risk units
Phase 2 (Years 4-6):
- Continue production (500 units/year)
- Evaluate and adjust policies
- Expand homeownership assistance
- Community land trust expansion
Phase 3 (Years 7-10):
- Maintain production pace
- Focus on closing remaining gap
- Long-term funding sustainability
Step 7 - Community Engagement :
Task Force : 25 members including affordable housing developers, tenants, advocates, business, neighborhoods, met monthly for 1 year
Community Workshops : 5 workshops citywide, 400 participants, input on strategies
Online Survey : 3,000 responses, 78% support comprehensive strategy
Tenant Forums : 6 forums in affordable housing complexes, heard directly from impacted residents
Key Input :
- Strong support for eliminating single-family zoning
- Support for dedicated funding and inclusionary zoning
- Emphasis on anti-displacement and tenant protections
- Request for homeownership pathways, not just rentals
Step 8 - Adoption : City council adopted strategy 8-1 after extensive hearings. Zoning reforms passed 7-2. Funding measures approved by voters 62%-38%.
Step 9 - Implementation :
Year 1 Progress :
- Inclusionary zoning in effect, 5 projects with affordable units approved (75 units)
- ADU permitting streamlined, 45 ADUs permitted (vs. 8 previous year)
- Land acquired for 2 affordable projects (150 units)
- Affordable housing fund capitalized ($20M)
- Tenant protections enacted, legal aid program funded
Year 2 Progress :
- 120 affordable units under construction
- 300 units in pipeline
- Missing middle housing: 15 triplexes/fourplexes approved citywide
- Permanent supportive housing site selected
Key Findings :
- Comprehensive strategy addresses supply (production) and demand (affordability) simultaneously
- Regulatory reform essential but insufficient alone
- Dedicated funding required to close financing gaps
- Anti-displacement measures critical for equity
- Community engagement built strong political support
- Multi-pronged strategy needed: no single tool sufficient
Frameworks Applied :
- Housing needs assessment
- Affordability gap analysis
- Zoning reform and inclusionary zoning
- Fiscal impact and financing analysis
- Equity impact assessment
- Participatory planning process
- Implementation planning and phasing
Reference Materials (Expandable)
Key Thinkers and Founding Figures
Ebenezer Howard (1850-1928)
- Contributions : Garden city concept balancing urban and rural
- Work : "Garden Cities of To-Morrow" (1902)
- Legacy : Influenced town planning, greenbelt concepts, new towns movement
Daniel Burnham (1846-1912)
- Contributions : City Beautiful movement, comprehensive urban planning
- Work : 1909 Plan of Chicago, "Make no little plans"
- Legacy : Established planning as professional practice in US
Jane Jacobs (1916-2006)
- Contributions : Critic of urban renewal, advocate for mixed-use walkable neighborhoods
- Work : "The Death and Life of Great American Cities" (1961)
- Legacy : Fundamentally reshaped planning toward human-scale, diverse, vital communities
Kevin Lynch (1918-1984)
- Contributions : Urban design, way people perceive and navigate cities
- Work : "The Image of the City" (1960), concept of legibility, paths, edges, nodes, districts, landmarks
- Legacy : Foundation of urban design as field
Andres Duany & Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk
- Contributions : New Urbanism, traditional neighborhood design
- Work : Designed Seaside FL, co-founded Congress for New Urbanism
- Legacy : Alternative to sprawl, walkable mixed-use communities
Norman Krumholz (1927-2021)
- Contributions : Equity planning, planning for disadvantaged populations
- Work : Cleveland planning director prioritizing equity
- Legacy : Social justice focus in planning practice
Professional Associations
American Planning Association (APA)
- Website: https://www.planning.org/
- 38,000 members, largest planning organization in US
- Publications: Journal of the American Planning Association, Planning magazine, PAS Reports, Zoning Practice
- Annual National Planning Conference
- AICP certification (American Institute of Certified Planners)
Association of Collegiate Schools of Planning (ACSP)
- Website: https://www.acsp.org/
- Organization of university planning programs
- Annual conference for planning educators and researchers
Urban Land Institute (ULI)
- Website: https://uli.org/
- Real estate and land use organization
- Publications: Urban Land magazine, case studies, technical reports
- Focus on best practices in development
Congress for the New Urbanism (CNU)
- Website: https://www.cnu.org/
- Advocacy organization for walkable, mixed-use urbanism
- Charter of the New Urbanism
- Annual conference showcasing New Urbanist projects
Urban and Regional Information Systems Association (URISA)
- Website: https://www.urisa.org/
- GIS and information technology in planning
- Journal: URISA Journal
- Conferences on GIS applications
Leading Journals
Journal of the American Planning Association (JAPA)
- Peer-reviewed, quarterly
- Research on planning theory, practice, history, education
- Website: https://www.planning.org/japa/
Journal of Planning Education and Research (JPER)
- Peer-reviewed, quarterly
- Planning education, scholarship, theory
- Published by SAGE
Journal of Planning Literature
- Review essays synthesizing research on planning topics
- Published quarterly
Urban Studies
- International journal on urbanization and urban research
- Broad interdisciplinary perspective
Cities
- International journal of urban policy and planning
- Practical focus
Planners Web
- Online planning news and resources
Data and Tools
US Census Bureau
- Website: https://www.census.gov/
- Demographic, economic, housing data
- American Community Survey (annual updates)
- Decennial Census
GIS Resources
- Esri : https://www.esri.com/ (ArcGIS platform)
- QGIS : https://qgis.org/ (free, open-source)
- OpenStreetMap : https://www.openstreetmap.org/ (open geographic data)
Transportation Data
- LEHD Origin-Destination Employment Statistics : https://lehd.ces.census.gov/data/
- National Household Travel Survey : https://nhts.ornl.gov/
Walk Score
- Website: https://www.walkscore.com/
- Walkability and transit accessibility ratings
PolicyMap
- Website: https://www.policymap.com/
- Mapping and data analysis tool (subscription)
Social Pinpoint
- Website: https://www.socialpinpoint.com/
- Community engagement and online mapping platform
Educational Resources
Planetizen
- Website: https://www.planetizen.com/
- Planning news, courses, job board, resources
- Planopedia: planning encyclopedia
Lincoln Institute of Land Policy
- Website: https://www.lincolninst.edu/
- Research and education on land policy
- Free courses and publications
Smart Growth America
- Website: https://smartgrowthamerica.org/
- Resources on smart growth policies and practices
Strong Towns
- Website: https://www.strongtowns.org/
- Advocacy for fiscally sustainable, resilient communities
APA Learning
- Website: https://www.planning.org/education/
- Continuing education courses for planners
- AICP Certification Maintenance (CM) credits
Verification Checklist
Plan and Regulatory Consistency : ☐ Comprehensive plan policies reviewed and applied ☐ Zoning compliance assessed (use, dimensional, design) ☐ State and federal requirements identified ☐ Necessary variances, rezonings, or amendments identified
Impact Assessment : ☐ Transportatio
