Docker 核心命令大全 | 容器管理、镜像构建、Docker Compose 实战指南

docker-essentials by sundial-org/awesome-openclaw-skills

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安装命令

npx skills add https://github.com/sundial-org/awesome-openclaw-skills --skill docker-essentials

开发运维容器编排 Docker

🇨🇳中文介绍

Docker 核心要点

用于容器和镜像管理的基本 Docker 命令。

容器生命周期

运行容器

# 从镜像运行容器
docker run nginx

# 在后台运行（分离模式）
docker run -d nginx

# 指定名称运行
docker run --name my-nginx -d nginx

# 带端口映射运行
docker run -p 8080:80 -d nginx

# 带环境变量运行
docker run -e MY_VAR=value -d app

# 带卷挂载运行
docker run -v /host/path:/container/path -d app

# 退出时自动移除容器
docker run --rm alpine echo "Hello"

# 交互式终端
docker run -it ubuntu bash

管理容器

# 列出正在运行的容器
docker ps

# 列出所有容器（包括已停止的）
docker ps -a

# 停止容器
docker stop container_name

# 启动已停止的容器
docker start container_name

# 重启容器
docker restart container_name

# 移除容器
docker rm container_name

# 强制移除正在运行的容器
docker rm -f container_name

# 移除所有已停止的容器
docker container prune

容器检查与调试

查看日志

# 显示日志
docker logs container_name

# 跟随日志（类似 tail -f）
docker logs -f container_name

# 最后 100 行日志
docker logs --tail 100 container_name

# 带时间戳的日志
docker logs -t container_name

执行命令

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# 在运行中的容器内执行命令
docker exec container_name ls -la

# 交互式 shell
docker exec -it container_name bash

# 以特定用户身份执行
docker exec -u root -it container_name bash

# 带环境变量执行
docker exec -e VAR=value container_name env

# 检查容器详细信息
docker inspect container_name

# 获取特定字段（JSON 路径）
docker inspect -f '{{.NetworkSettings.IPAddress}}' container_name

# 查看容器统计信息
docker stats

# 查看特定容器的统计信息
docker stats container_name

# 查看容器内的进程
docker top container_name

# 从 Dockerfile 构建
docker build -t myapp:1.0 .

# 使用自定义 Dockerfile 构建
docker build -f Dockerfile.dev -t myapp:dev .

# 带构建参数构建
docker build --build-arg VERSION=1.0 -t myapp .

# 不使用缓存构建
docker build --no-cache -t myapp .

# 列出镜像
docker images

# 从注册表拉取镜像
docker pull nginx:latest

# 标记镜像
docker tag myapp:1.0 myapp:latest

# 推送到注册表
docker push myrepo/myapp:1.0

# 移除镜像
docker rmi image_name

# 移除未使用的镜像
docker image prune

# 移除所有未使用的镜像
docker image prune -a

# 启动服务
docker-compose up

# 在后台启动
docker-compose up -d

# 停止服务
docker-compose down

# 停止并移除卷
docker-compose down -v

# 查看日志
docker-compose logs

# 跟随特定服务的日志
docker-compose logs -f web

# 扩展服务实例数量
docker-compose up -d --scale web=3

# 列出服务
docker-compose ps

# 在服务中执行命令
docker-compose exec web bash

# 重启服务
docker-compose restart web

# 重新构建服务
docker-compose build web

# 重新构建并重启
docker-compose up -d --build

# 列出网络
docker network ls

# 创建网络
docker network create mynetwork

# 将容器连接到网络
docker network connect mynetwork container_name

# 从网络断开连接
docker network disconnect mynetwork container_name

# 检查网络
docker network inspect mynetwork

# 移除网络
docker network rm mynetwork

# 列出卷
docker volume ls

# 创建卷
docker volume create myvolume

# 检查卷
docker volume inspect myvolume

# 移除卷
docker volume rm myvolume

# 移除未使用的卷
docker volume prune

# 带卷运行容器
docker run -v myvolume:/data -d app

# 查看磁盘使用情况
docker system df

# 清理所有未使用的资源
docker system prune

# 清理包括未使用的镜像
docker system prune -a

# 清理包括卷
docker system prune --volumes

# 显示 Docker 信息
docker info

# 显示 Docker 版本
docker version

docker run -it --rm \
  -v $(pwd):/app \
  -w /app \
  -p 3000:3000 \
  node:18 \
  npm run dev

数据库容器：

docker run -d \
  --name postgres \
  -e POSTGRES_PASSWORD=secret \
  -e POSTGRES_DB=mydb \
  -v postgres-data:/var/lib/postgresql/data \
  -p 5432:5432 \
  postgres:15

# 进入运行中的容器的 shell
docker exec -it container_name sh

# 从容器复制文件
docker cp container_name:/path/to/file ./local/path

# 复制文件到容器
docker cp ./local/file container_name:/path/in/container

多阶段构建：

# Dockerfile
FROM node:18 AS builder
WORKDIR /app
COPY package*.json ./
RUN npm install
COPY . .
RUN npm run build

FROM nginx:alpine
COPY --from=builder /app/dist /usr/share/nginx/html

docker run 标志：

-d：分离模式（后台）
-it：交互式终端
-p：端口映射（主机:容器）
-v：卷挂载
-e：环境变量
--name：容器名称
--rm：退出时自动移除
--network：连接到网络

docker exec 标志：

-it：交互式终端
-u：用户
-w：工作目录

使用 .dockerignore 从构建上下文中排除文件
在 Dockerfile 中合并 RUN 命令以减少层数
使用多阶段构建以减少镜像大小
始终使用版本标记你的镜像
对一次性容器使用 --rm
对多容器应用使用 docker-compose
定期使用 docker system prune 进行清理

🇺🇸English

Docker Essentials

Essential Docker commands for container and image management.

Container Lifecycle

Running containers

# Run container from image
docker run nginx

# Run in background (detached)
docker run -d nginx

# Run with name
docker run --name my-nginx -d nginx

# Run with port mapping
docker run -p 8080:80 -d nginx

# Run with environment variables
docker run -e MY_VAR=value -d app

# Run with volume mount
docker run -v /host/path:/container/path -d app

# Run with auto-remove on exit
docker run --rm alpine echo "Hello"

# Interactive terminal
docker run -it ubuntu bash

Managing containers

# List running containers
docker ps

# List all containers (including stopped)
docker ps -a

# Stop container
docker stop container_name

# Start stopped container
docker start container_name

# Restart container
docker restart container_name

# Remove container
docker rm container_name

# Force remove running container
docker rm -f container_name

# Remove all stopped containers
docker container prune

Container Inspection & Debugging

Viewing logs

# Show logs
docker logs container_name

# Follow logs (like tail -f)
docker logs -f container_name

# Last 100 lines
docker logs --tail 100 container_name

# Logs with timestamps
docker logs -t container_name

Executing commands

# Execute command in running container
docker exec container_name ls -la

# Interactive shell
docker exec -it container_name bash

# Execute as specific user
docker exec -u root -it container_name bash

# Execute with environment variable
docker exec -e VAR=value container_name env

Inspection

# Inspect container details
docker inspect container_name

# Get specific field (JSON path)
docker inspect -f '{{.NetworkSettings.IPAddress}}' container_name

# View container stats
docker stats

# View specific container stats
docker stats container_name

# View processes in container
docker top container_name

Image Management

Building images

# Build from Dockerfile
docker build -t myapp:1.0 .

# Build with custom Dockerfile
docker build -f Dockerfile.dev -t myapp:dev .

# Build with build args
docker build --build-arg VERSION=1.0 -t myapp .

# Build without cache
docker build --no-cache -t myapp .

Managing images

# List images
docker images

# Pull image from registry
docker pull nginx:latest

# Tag image
docker tag myapp:1.0 myapp:latest

# Push to registry
docker push myrepo/myapp:1.0

# Remove image
docker rmi image_name

# Remove unused images
docker image prune

# Remove all unused images
docker image prune -a

Docker Compose

Basic operations

# Start services
docker-compose up

# Start in background
docker-compose up -d

# Stop services
docker-compose down

# Stop and remove volumes
docker-compose down -v

# View logs
docker-compose logs

# Follow logs for specific service
docker-compose logs -f web

# Scale service
docker-compose up -d --scale web=3

Service management

# List services
docker-compose ps

# Execute command in service
docker-compose exec web bash

# Restart service
docker-compose restart web

# Rebuild service
docker-compose build web

# Rebuild and restart
docker-compose up -d --build

Networking

# List networks
docker network ls

# Create network
docker network create mynetwork

# Connect container to network
docker network connect mynetwork container_name

# Disconnect from network
docker network disconnect mynetwork container_name

# Inspect network
docker network inspect mynetwork

# Remove network
docker network rm mynetwork

Volumes

# List volumes
docker volume ls

# Create volume
docker volume create myvolume

# Inspect volume
docker volume inspect myvolume

# Remove volume
docker volume rm myvolume

# Remove unused volumes
docker volume prune

# Run with volume
docker run -v myvolume:/data -d app

System Management

# View disk usage
docker system df

# Clean up everything unused
docker system prune

# Clean up including unused images
docker system prune -a

# Clean up including volumes
docker system prune --volumes

# Show Docker info
docker info

# Show Docker version
docker version

Common Workflows

Development container:

docker run -it --rm \
  -v $(pwd):/app \
  -w /app \
  -p 3000:3000 \
  node:18 \
  npm run dev

Database container:

docker run -d \
  --name postgres \
  -e POSTGRES_PASSWORD=secret \
  -e POSTGRES_DB=mydb \
  -v postgres-data:/var/lib/postgresql/data \
  -p 5432:5432 \
  postgres:15

Quick debugging:

# Shell into running container
docker exec -it container_name sh

# Copy file from container
docker cp container_name:/path/to/file ./local/path

# Copy file to container
docker cp ./local/file container_name:/path/in/container

Multi-stage build:

# Dockerfile
FROM node:18 AS builder
WORKDIR /app
COPY package*.json ./
RUN npm install
COPY . .
RUN npm run build

FROM nginx:alpine
COPY --from=builder /app/dist /usr/share/nginx/html

Useful Flags

docker run flags:

-d: Detached mode (background)
-it: Interactive terminal
-p: Port mapping (host:container)
-v: Volume mount
-e: Environment variable
--name: Container name
--rm: Auto-remove on exit
--network: Connect to network

docker exec flags:

-it: Interactive terminal
-u: User
-w: Working directory

Tips

Use .dockerignore to exclude files from build context
Combine RUN commands in Dockerfile to reduce layers
Use multi-stage builds to reduce image size
Always tag your images with versions
Use --rm for one-off containers
Use docker-compose for multi-container apps
Clean up regularly with docker system prune

Documentation

Official docs: https://docs.docker.com/ Dockerfile reference: https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/builder/ Compose file reference: https://docs.docker.com/compose/compose-file/

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Docker 核心命令大全 | 容器管理、镜像构建、Docker Compose 实战指南

🇨🇳中文介绍

Docker 核心要点

容器生命周期

运行容器

管理容器

容器检查与调试

查看日志

执行命令

相关 Skills

检查

镜像管理

构建镜像

管理镜像

Docker Compose

基本操作

服务管理

网络

卷

系统管理

常用工作流

常用标志

提示

文档

🇺🇸English

Docker Essentials

Container Lifecycle

Running containers

Managing containers

Container Inspection & Debugging

Viewing logs

Executing commands

Inspection

Image Management

Building images

Managing images

Docker Compose

Basic operations

Service management

Networking

Volumes

System Management

Common Workflows

Useful Flags

Tips

Documentation

最新 Skills