传统电路模拟图技能：创建复古面包板布局与交互式电路示意图

legacy-circuit-mockups by github/awesome-copilot

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安装命令

npx skills add https://github.com/github/awesome-copilot --skill legacy-circuit-mockups

开发设计

🇨🇳中文介绍

传统电路模拟图

一个用于为复古计算和电子项目创建面包板电路模拟图和可视化示意图的技能。该技能利用 HTML5 Canvas 绘图机制来渲染交互式电路布局，包含 6502 微处理器、555 定时器 IC、EEPROM 和 7400 系列逻辑门等复古组件。

何时使用此技能

用户要求"创建面包板布局"或"模拟电路"
用户想要可视化面包板上的元件放置
用户需要构建 6502 计算机的视觉参考
用户要求"绘制电路"或"电子示意图"
用户想要创建教育性电子视觉图
用户提及 Ben Eater 教程或复古计算项目
用户要求模拟 555 定时器电路或 LED 项目
用户需要可视化元件之间的导线连接

先决条件

理解捆绑参考文件中的元件引脚排列
了解面包板布局惯例（行、列、电源轨）

支持的组件

微处理器与存储器

组件	引脚	描述
W65C02S	40 引脚 DIP	具有 16 位地址总线的 8 位微处理器
28C256	28 引脚 DIP	32KB 并行 EEPROM
W65C22	40 引脚 DIP	通用接口适配器
62256	28 引脚 DIP	32KB 静态 RAM

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逻辑与定时器 IC

组件	引脚	描述
NE555	8 引脚 DIP	用于定时和振荡的定时器 IC
7400	14 引脚 DIP	四路 2 输入与非门
7402	14 引脚 DIP	四路 2 输入或非门
7404	14 引脚 DIP	六路反相器
7408	14 引脚 DIP	四路 2 输入与门
7432	14 引脚 DIP	四路 2 输入或门

无源与有源元件

组件	描述
LED	发光二极管（多种颜色）
电阻器	限流（可配置阻值）
电容器	滤波和定时（陶瓷/电解）
晶振	时钟振荡器
开关	拨动开关（锁定式）
按钮	瞬时按钮
电位器	可变电阻器
光敏电阻	光敏电阻

// 标准面包板网格：20px 间距
const gridSize = 20;
const cellX = Math.floor(x / gridSize) * gridSize;
const cellY = Math.floor(y / gridSize) * gridSize;

// 所有组件遵循此结构：
{
  type: 'component-type',
  x: gridX,
  y: gridY,
  width: componentWidth,
  height: componentHeight,
  rotation: 0,  // 0, 90, 180, 270
  properties: { /* 组件特定数据 */ }
}

// 导线连接格式：
{
  start: { x: startX, y: startY },
  end: { x: endX, y: endY },
  color: '#ff0000'  // 导线颜色编码
}

创建基本 LED 电路模拟图

定义面包板尺寸和网格
放置电源轨连接（+5V 和 GND）
添加带阳极/阴极方向的 LED 组件
放置限流电阻器
绘制组件之间的导线连接
添加标签和注释

创建 555 定时器电路

将 NE555 IC 放置在面包板上（引脚 1-4 在左，5-8 在右）
将引脚 1 连接到地线轨
将引脚 8 连接到电源轨
添加定时电阻器和电容器
连接触发和阈值引脚
将输出连接到 LED 或其他负载

创建 6502 微处理器布局

将 W65C02S 放置在面包板中央
添加 28C256 EEPROM 用于程序存储
放置 W65C22 VIA 用于 I/O
添加 7400 系列逻辑用于地址解码
连接地址总线
连接数据总线
连接控制信号
添加复位按钮和时钟晶振

组件引脚排列速查表

引脚	名称	功能
1	GND	地线
2	TRIG	触发
3	OUT	输出
4	RESET	低电平有效复位
5	CTRL	控制电压
6	THR	阈值
7	DIS	放电
8	Vcc	电源

W65C02S - 关键引脚

引脚	名称	功能
8	VDD	电源
21	VSS	地线
37	PHI2	系统时钟输入
40	RESB	低电平有效复位
34	RWB	读/写信号
9-25	A0-A15	地址总线
26-33	D0-D7	数据总线

28C256 EEPROM - 关键引脚

引脚	名称	功能
14	GND	地线
28	VCC	电源
20	CE	片选
22	OE	输出使能
27	WE	写使能
1-10, 21-26	A0-A14	地址输入
11-19	I/O0-I/O7	数据总线

欧姆定律： V = I × R
LED 电流： R = (Vcc - Vled) / Iled
功率： P = V × I = I² × R

非稳态模式：

频率：f = 1.44 / ((R1 + 2×R2) × C)
高电平时间：t₁ = 0.693 × (R1 + R2) × C
低电平时间：t₂ = 0.693 × R2 × C
占空比：D = (R1 + R2) / (R1 + 2×R2) × 100%

单稳态模式：

脉冲宽度：T = 1.1 × R × C

容抗：Xc = 1 / (2πfC)
存储能量：E = ½ × C × V²

颜色	用途
红色	+5V / 电源
黑色	地线
黄色	时钟 / 定时
蓝色	地址总线
绿色	数据总线
橙色	控制信号
白色	通用

颜色	正向电压
红色	1.8V - 2.2V
绿色	2.0V - 2.2V
黄色	2.0V - 2.2V
蓝色	3.0V - 3.5V
白色	3.0V - 3.5V

示例 1 — 单个 LED

组件： 红色 LED、220Ω 电阻器、跳线、电源

将黑色跳线从电源 GND 插入到 A5 行
将红色跳线从电源 +5V 插入到 J5 行
将 LED 的阴极插入与 GND 对齐的行
在电源和 LED 阳极之间放置 220Ω 电阻器

示例 2 — 555 非稳态闪烁器

组件： NE555、LED、电阻器、电容器

将 555 IC 跨放在中心通道上
连接引脚 1 到 GND，引脚 8 到 +5V
连接引脚 4 到引脚 8
在引脚 7 和 +5V 之间连接 10kΩ 电阻器
在引脚 6 和 7 之间连接 100kΩ 电阻器
在引脚 6 和 GND 之间连接 10µF 电容器
将引脚 3 连接到 LED 电路

问题	解决方案
LED 不亮	检查极性
电路不通电	验证电源轨连接
IC 不工作	检查 VCC 和 GND 引脚连接
555 不振	验证阈值/触发电容器接线
微处理器卡住	检查 RESB 在复位脉冲后是否为高电平

详细的组件规格可在捆绑的参考文件中找到：

555.md - 完整的 555 定时器 IC 规格
6502.md - MOS 6502 微处理器详情
6522.md - W65C22 VIA 接口适配器
28256-eeprom.md - AT28C256 EEPROM 规格
6C62256.md - 62256 SRAM 详情
7400-series.md - TTL 逻辑门引脚排列
assembly-compiler.md - 汇编编译器规格
assembly-language.md - 汇编语言规格
basic-electronic-components.md - 电阻器、电容器、开关
breadboard.md - 面包板规格
common-breadboard-components.md - 全面的组件参考
connecting-electronic-components.md - 分步构建指南
emulator-28256-eeprom.md - 模拟 28256-eeprom 规格
emulator-6502.md - 模拟 6502 规格
emulator-6522.md - 模拟 6522 规格
emulator-6C62256.md - 模拟 6C62256 规格
emulator-lcd.md - 模拟 LCD 规格
lcd.md - LCD 显示接口
minipro.md - EEPROM 编程器使用
t48eeprom-programmer.md - T48 编程器参考

🇺🇸English

Legacy Circuit Mockups

A skill for creating breadboard circuit mockups and visual diagrams for retro computing and electronics projects. This skill leverages HTML5 Canvas drawing mechanisms to render interactive circuit layouts featuring vintage components like the 6502 microprocessor, 555 timer ICs, EEPROMs, and 7400-series logic gates.

When to Use This Skill

User asks to "create a breadboard layout" or "mockup a circuit"
User wants to visualize component placement on a breadboard
User needs a visual reference for building a 6502 computer
User asks to "draw a circuit" or "diagram electronics"
User wants to create educational electronics visuals
User mentions Ben Eater tutorials or retro computing projects
User asks to mockup 555 timer circuits or LED projects
User needs to visualize wire connections between components

Prerequisites

Understanding of component pinouts from bundled reference files
Knowledge of breadboard layout conventions (rows, columns, power rails)

Supported Components

Microprocessors & Memory

Component	Pins	Description
W65C02S	40-pin DIP	8-bit microprocessor with 16-bit address bus
28C256	28-pin DIP	32KB parallel EEPROM
W65C22	40-pin DIP	Versatile Interface Adapter (VIA)
62256	28-pin DIP	32KB static RAM

Logic & Timer ICs

Component	Pins	Description
NE555	8-pin DIP	Timer IC for timing and oscillation
7400	14-pin DIP	Quad 2-input NAND gate
7402	14-pin DIP	Quad 2-input NOR gate
7404	14-pin DIP	Hex inverter (NOT gate)
7408	14-pin DIP	Quad 2-input AND gate
7432	14-pin DIP	Quad 2-input OR gate

Passive & Active Components

Component	Description
LED	Light emitting diode (various colors)
Resistor	Current limiting (configurable values)
Capacitor	Filtering and timing (ceramic/electrolytic)
Crystal	Clock oscillator
Switch	Toggle switch (latching)
Button	Momentary push button
Potentiometer	Variable resistor
Photoresistor	Light-dependent resistor

Grid System

// Standard breadboard grid: 20px spacing
const gridSize = 20;
const cellX = Math.floor(x / gridSize) * gridSize;
const cellY = Math.floor(y / gridSize) * gridSize;

Component Rendering Pattern

// All components follow this structure:
{
  type: 'component-type',
  x: gridX,
  y: gridY,
  width: componentWidth,
  height: componentHeight,
  rotation: 0,  // 0, 90, 180, 270
  properties: { /* component-specific data */ }
}

Wire Connections

// Wire connection format:
{
  start: { x: startX, y: startY },
  end: { x: endX, y: endY },
  color: '#ff0000'  // Wire color coding
}

Step-by-Step Workflows

Creating a Basic LED Circuit Mockup

Define breadboard dimensions and grid
Place power rail connections (+5V and GND)
Add LED component with anode/cathode orientation
Place current-limiting resistor
Draw wire connections between components
Add labels and annotations

Creating a 555 Timer Circuit

Place NE555 IC on breadboard (pins 1-4 left, 5-8 right)
Connect pin 1 (GND) to ground rail
Connect pin 8 (Vcc) to power rail
Add timing resistors and capacitors
Wire trigger and threshold connections
Connect output to LED or other load

Creating a 6502 Microprocessor Layout

Place W65C02S centered on breadboard
Add 28C256 EEPROM for program storage
Place W65C22 VIA for I/O
Add 7400-series logic for address decoding
Wire address bus (A0-A15)
Wire data bus (D0-D7)
Connect control signals (R/W, PHI2, RESB)
Add reset button and clock crystal

Component Pinout Quick Reference

555 Timer (8-pin DIP)

Pin	Name	Function
1	GND	Ground (0V)
2	TRIG	Trigger (< 1/3 Vcc starts timing)
3	OUT	Output (source/sink 200mA)
4	RESET	Active-low reset
5	CTRL	Control voltage (bypass with 10nF)
6	THR	Threshold (> 2/3 Vcc resets)
7	DIS	Discharge (open collector)
8	Vcc	Supply (+4.5V to +16V)

W65C02S (40-pin DIP) - Key Pins

Pin	Name	Function
8	VDD	Power supply
21	VSS	Ground
37	PHI2	System clock input
40	RESB	Active-low reset
34	RWB	Read/Write signal
9-25	A0-A15	Address bus
26-33	D0-D7	Data bus

28C256 EEPROM (28-pin DIP) - Key Pins

Pin	Name	Function
14	GND	Ground
28	VCC	Power supply
20	CE	Chip enable (active-low)
22	OE	Output enable (active-low)
27	WE	Write enable (active-low)
1-10, 21-26	A0-A14	Address inputs
11-19	I/O0-I/O7	Data bus

Formulas Reference

Resistor Calculations

Ohm's Law: V = I × R
LED Current: R = (Vcc - Vled) / Iled
Power: P = V × I = I² × R

555 Timer Formulas

Astable Mode:

Frequency: f = 1.44 / ((R1 + 2×R2) × C)
High time: t₁ = 0.693 × (R1 + R2) × C
Low time: t₂ = 0.693 × R2 × C
Duty cycle: D = (R1 + R2) / (R1 + 2×R2) × 100%

Monostable Mode:

Pulse width: T = 1.1 × R × C

Capacitor Calculations

Capacitive reactance: Xc = 1 / (2πfC)
Energy stored: E = ½ × C × V²

Color Coding Conventions

Wire Colors

Color	Purpose
Red	+5V / Power
Black	Ground
Yellow	Clock / Timing
Blue	Address bus
Green	Data bus
Orange	Control signals
White	General purpose

LED Colors

Color	Forward Voltage
Red	1.8V - 2.2V
Green	2.0V - 2.2V
Yellow	2.0V - 2.2V
Blue	3.0V - 3.5V
White	3.0V - 3.5V

Build Examples

Build 1 — Single LED

Components: Red LED, 220Ω resistor, jumper wires, power source

Steps:

Insert black jumper wire from power GND to row A5
Insert red jumper wire from power +5V to row J5
Place LED with cathode (short leg) in row aligned with GND
Place 220Ω resistor between power and LED anode

Build 2 — 555 Astable Blinker

Components: NE555, LED, resistors (10kΩ, 100kΩ), capacitor (10µF)

Steps:

Place 555 IC straddling center channel
Connect pin 1 to GND, pin 8 to +5V
Connect pin 4 to pin 8 (disable reset)
Wire 10kΩ between pin 7 and +5V
Wire 100kΩ between pins 6 and 7
Wire 10µF between pin 6 and GND
Connect pin 3 (output) to LED circuit

Troubleshooting

Issue	Solution
LED doesn't light	Check polarity (anode to +, cathode to -)
Circuit doesn't power	Verify power rail connections
IC not working	Check VCC and GND pin connections
555 not oscillating	Verify threshold/trigger capacitor wiring
Microprocessor stuck	Check RESB is HIGH after reset pulse

References

Detailed component specifications are available in the bundled reference files:

555.md - Complete 555 timer IC specification
6502.md - MOS 6502 microprocessor details
6522.md - W65C22 VIA interface adapter
28256-eeprom.md - AT28C256 EEPROM specification
6C62256.md - 62256 SRAM details
7400-series.md - TTL logic gate pinouts
assembly-compiler.md - Assembly compiler specification
assembly-language.md - Assembly language specification
basic-electronic-components.md - Resistors, capacitors, switches
breadboard.md - Breadboard specifications
common-breadboard-components.md - Comprehensive component reference

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connecting-electronic-components.md - Step-by-step build guides

emulator-28256-eeprom.md - Emulating 28256-eeprom specification

emulator-6502.md - Emulating 6502 specification

emulator-6522.md - Emulating 6522 specification

emulator-6C62256.md - Emulating 6C62256 specification

emulator-lcd.md - Emulating a LCD specification

lcd.md - LCD display interfacing

minipro.md - EEPROM programmer usage

t48eeprom-programmer.md - T48 programmer reference