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Godot Composition Architecture
Core Philosophy
This skill enforces Composition over Inheritance ("Has-a" vs "Is-a"). In Godot, Nodes are components. A complex entity (Player) is simply an Orchestrator managing specialized Worker Nodes (Components).
The Golden Rules
- Single Responsibility : One script = One job.
- Encapsulation : Components are "selfish." They handle their internal logic but don't know who owns them.
- The Orchestrator : The root script (e.g.,
player.gd) does no logic. It only manages state and passes data between components.
- Decoupling : Components communicate via Signals (up) and Methods (down).
Available Scripts
Specialized Node for managing lifespan, damage logic, and death signals across any entity.
Area-based component for intercepting damage and delegating it to a HealthComponent.
Area-based component for dealing damage specifically to HitBoxComponents.
Encapsulated movement and acceleration logic for reuse across Players and Enemies.
Decoupled interaction handler using injecting Callable logic for context-aware actions.
Decoupled tracking logic using NodePath injection for smooth entity following.
Component-based state machine pattern using child nodes as individual states.
Managing temporary modifiers (buffs/debuffs) by stacking effect scenes as children.
Separating logical state (velocity/direction) from visual representation (sprite flipping).
The "Orchestrator" pattern for wiring and connecting components in a parent node.
NEVER Do in Composition
- NEVER use deep inheritance chains (e.g.,
Player > Entity > LivingThing > Node) — Creates brittle "God Classes" that are hard to refactor [21].
- NEVER use
get_node() or $ for components — This breaks if the scene tree is rearranged. Always use @export or %UniqueNames [22].
- NEVER let a component reference its parent script directly — This makes the component impossible to reuse. Use signals or dependency injection [23].
- NEVER mix Input, Physics, and Game Logic in one script — This violates Single Responsibility. Split them into specialized components [24, 13].
- NEVER create components that require a specific SceneTree structure — A component should be "selfish" and only care about its own properties and direct children.
- NEVER use inheritance to "add a feature" — If you want an enemy to shoot, add a
ShootingComponent, don't make it inherit from ShooterEnemy.
Implementation Standards
1. Connection Strategy: Typed Exports
Do not rely on tree order. Use explicit dependency injection via @export with static typing.
The "Godot Way" for strict godot-composition:
# The Orchestrator (e.g., player.gd)
class_name Player extends CharacterBody3D
# Dependency Injection: Define the "slots" in the backpack
@export var health_component: HealthComponent
@export var movement_component: MovementComponent
@export var input_component: InputComponent
# Use Scene Unique Names (%) for auto-assignment in Editor
# or drag-and-drop in the Inspector.
2. Component Mindset
Components must define class_name to be recognized as types.
Standard Component Boilerplate:
class_name MyComponent extends Node
# Use Node for logic, Node3D/2D if it needs position
@export var stats: Resource # Components can hold their own data
signal happened_something(value)
func do_logic(delta: float) -> void:
# Perform specific task
pass
Standard Components
The Input Component (The Senses)
Responsibility : Read hardware state. Store it. Do NOT act on it. State : move_dir, jump_pressed, attack_just_pressed.
class_name InputComponent extends Node
var move_dir: Vector2
var jump_pressed: bool
func update() -> void:
# Called by Orchestrator every frame
move_dir = Input.get_vector("left", "right", "up", "down")
jump_pressed = Input.is_action_just_pressed("jump")
The Movement Component (The Legs)
Responsibility : Manipulate physics body. Handle velocity/gravity. Constraint : Requires a reference to the physics body it moves.
class_name MovementComponent extends Node
@export var body: CharacterBody3D # The thing we move
@export var speed: float = 8.0
@export var jump_velocity: float = 12.0
func tick(delta: float, direction: Vector2, wants_jump: bool) -> void:
if not body: return
# Handle Gravity
if not body.is_on_floor():
body.velocity.y -= 9.8 * delta
# Handle Movement
if direction:
body.velocity.x = direction.x * speed
body.velocity.z = direction.y * speed # 3D conversion
else:
body.velocity.x = move_toward(body.velocity.x, 0, speed)
body.velocity.z = move_toward(body.velocity.z, 0, speed)
# Handle Jump
if wants_jump and body.is_on_floor():
body.velocity.y = jump_velocity
body.move_and_slide()
The Health Component (The Life)
Responsibility : Manage HP, Clamp values, Signal changes. Context Agnostic : Can be put on a Player, Enemy, or a Wooden Crate.
class_name HealthComponent extends Node
signal died
signal health_changed(current, max)
@export var max_health: float = 100.0
var current_health: float
func _ready():
current_health = max_health
func damage(amount: float):
current_health = clamp(current_health - amount, 0, max_health)
health_changed.emit(current_health, max_health)
if current_health == 0:
died.emit()
The Orchestrator (Putting it Together)
The Orchestrator (player.gd) binds the components in the _physics_process. It acts as the bridge.
class_name Player extends CharacterBody3D
@onready var input: InputComponent = %InputComponent
@onready var move: MovementComponent = %MovementComponent
@onready var health: HealthComponent = %HealthComponent
func _ready():
# Connect signals (The ears)
health.died.connect(_on_death)
func _physics_process(delta):
# 1. Update Senses
input.update()
# 2. Pass Data to Workers (State Management)
# The Player script decides that "Input Direction" maps to "Movement Direction"
move.tick(delta, input.move_dir, input.jump_pressed)
func _on_death():
queue_free()
Performance Note
Nodes are lightweight. Do not fear adding 10-20 nodes per entity. The organizational benefit of Composition vastly outweighs the negligible memory cost of Node instances.
Reference
- Master Skill: godot-master
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