SAP ABAP CDS 核心数据服务完整指南：语法、注解、视图实体与最佳实践

sap-abap-cds by secondsky/sap-skills

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安装命令

npx skills add https://github.com/secondsky/sap-skills --skill sap-abap-cds

ERP 数据库 API

🇨🇳中文介绍

SAP ABAP CDS（核心数据服务）

1. CDS 视图基础

视图类型

类型

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基本 CDS 视图语法

@AbapCatalog.sqlViewName: 'ZCDS_EXAMPLE_V'
@AbapCatalog.compiler.CompareFilter: true
@AccessControl.authorizationCheck: #NOT_REQUIRED
@EndUserText.label: '示例 CDS 视图'

define view ZCDS_EXAMPLE
  as select from db_table as t
{
  key t.field1,
      t.field2,
      t.field3 as AliasName
}

CDS 视图实体语法 (7.55+)

@AccessControl.authorizationCheck: #NOT_REQUIRED
@EndUserText.label: '示例视图实体'

define view entity Z_CDS_EXAMPLE
  as select from db_table as t
{
  key t.field1,
      t.field2,
      t.field3 as AliasName
}

关键区别 : 视图实体省略了 @AbapCatalog.sqlViewName - 不生成 SQL 视图。

文件 → 新建 → 其他 → 核心数据服务 → 数据定义
输入名称、描述和包
选择模板（视图、视图实体等）

CDS 开发的核心注解 :

@AbapCatalog.sqlViewName - SQL 视图名称（最多 16 个字符）
@AbapCatalog.compiler.CompareFilter - 优化 WHERE 子句
@AccessControl.authorizationCheck - 设置为 #NOT_REQUIRED、#CHECK、#MANDATORY 或 #NOT_ALLOWED
@EndUserText.label - 面向用户的描述
@Metadata.allowExtensions - 允许视图扩展

完整参考 : 有关 50 多个带示例的注解，请参阅 references/annotations-reference.md。

语义注解（货币/数量）

对于 CURR 和 QUAN 数据类型是必需的，以避免错误 SD_CDS_ENTITY105:

-- 货币字段
@Semantics.currencyCode: true
waers,
@Semantics.amount.currencyCode: 'waers'
amount,

-- 数量字段
@Semantics.unitOfMeasure: true
meins,
@Semantics.quantity.unitOfMeasure: 'meins'
quantity

UI 注解 (Fiori Elements)

@UI.lineItem: [{ position: 10 }]
@UI.identification: [{ position: 10 }]
@UI.selectionField: [{ position: 10 }]
field1,

@UI.hidden: true
internal_field

消费注解（值帮助）

@Consumption.valueHelpDefinition: [{
  entity: { name: 'I_Currency', element: 'Currency' }
}]
waers

完整的注解参考，请参阅 references/annotations-reference.md。

3. 表达式与操作

简单 CASE（单变量比较）:

case status
  when 'A' then '激活'
  when 'I' then '未激活'
  else '未知'
end as StatusText

搜索 CASE（多条件）:

case
  when amount > 1000 then '高'
  when amount > 100 then '中'
  else '低'
end as AmountCategory

标准运算符 : =, <>, <, >, <=, >= 特殊运算符 : BETWEEN x AND y, LIKE, IS NULL, IS NOT NULL

完整参考 : 所有运算符和表达式，请参阅 references/expressions-reference.md。

quantity * price as TotalAmount,
amount / 100 as Percentage,
-amount as NegatedAmount

可用的系统变量（相当于 SY 字段）:

$session.user (SY-UNAME) - 当前用户
$session.client (SY-MANDT) - 客户端
$session.system_language (SY-LANGU) - 语言
$session.system_date (SY-DATUM) - 当前日期

完整参考 : 所有系统变量，请参阅 references/expressions-reference.md。

$session.user as CurrentUser,
$session.system_date as Today

CDS 提供了全面的内置函数，用于字符串、数字和日期操作。

字符串函数 : concat(), length(), substring(), upper(), lower(), replace()
数值函数 : abs(), ceil(), floor(), round(), division()
日期函数 : dats_add_days(), dats_add_months(), dats_days_between()
CAST 表达式 : 在 ABAP 数据类型之间转换

完整参考 : 所有 50 多个带示例的函数，请参阅 references/functions-reference.md。

-- 字符串操作
concat(first_name, last_name) as FullName,
upper(name) as UpperName,
substring(description, 1, 10) as ShortDesc

-- 数值操作  
abs(amount) as AbsoluteAmount,
round(value, 2) as RoundedValue,
division(10, 3, 2) as PreciseDivision

-- 日期操作
dats_add_days(current_date, 7) as NextWeek,
dats_days_between(start_date, end_date) as Duration

-- 类型转换
cast(field as abap.char(10)) as TextField,
cast(amount as abap.curr(15,2)) as CurrencyField

**ABAP 类型**: `abap.char()`, `abap.numc()`, `abap.int4`, `abap.dats`, `abap.tims`, `abap.curr()`, `abap.cuky`, `abap.quan()`, `abap.unit()`

---

## 5. 连接

### 连接类型
```sql
-- INNER JOIN（仅匹配行）
inner join makt as t on m.matnr = t.matnr

-- LEFT OUTER JOIN（左表全部，右表匹配部分）
left outer join marc as c on m.matnr = c.matnr

-- RIGHT OUTER JOIN（右表全部，左表匹配部分）
right outer join mvke as v on m.matnr = v.matnr

-- CROSS JOIN（笛卡尔积）
cross join t001 as co

关联定义实体之间的关系（按需连接）:

define view Z_ASSOC_EXAMPLE as select from scarr as c
  association [1..*] to spfli as _Flights
    on $projection.carrid = _Flights.carrid
  association [0..1] to sairport as _Airport
    on $projection.hub = _Airport.id
{
  key c.carrid,
      c.carrname,
      c.hub,

      // 暴露关联
      _Flights,
      _Airport
}

[0..1] 或 [1] → association to one (LEFT OUTER MANY TO ONE)
[1..1] → association to one (精确匹配)
[0..*] 或 [*] → association to many (LEFT OUTER MANY TO MANY)
[1..*] → association to many (一个或多个)

完整参考 : 详细的基数指南，请参阅 references/associations-reference.md。

新基数语法 (版本 2302+)

association to one _Customer on ...   -- [0..1]
association to many _Items on ...      -- [0..*]

-- 暴露供消费者使用
_Customer,

-- 临时字段访问（触发连接）
_Customer.name as CustomerName

带过滤器的路径表达式

-- 使用基数指示符过滤
_Items[1: Status = 'A'].ItemNo

完整的关联参考，请参阅 references/associations-reference.md。

define view Z_PARAM_EXAMPLE
  with parameters
    p_date_from : dats,
    p_date_to   : dats,
    @Environment.systemField: #SYSTEM_LANGUAGE
    p_langu     : spras
  as select from vbak as v
{
  key v.vbeln,
      v.erdat,
      v.erzet
}
where v.erdat between :p_date_from and :p_date_to

使用冒号表示法 :p_date_from 或 $parameters.p_date_from

从 ABAP 调用 :

SELECT * FROM z_param_example(
  p_date_from = '20240101',
  p_date_to   = '20241231',
  p_langu     = @sy-langu
) INTO TABLE @DATA(lt_result).

define view Z_AGG_EXAMPLE as select from vbap as i
{
  i.vbeln,
  sum(i.netwr) as TotalAmount,
  avg(i.netwr) as AvgAmount,
  max(i.netwr) as MaxAmount,
  min(i.netwr) as MinAmount,
  count(*) as ItemCount
}
group by i.vbeln
having sum(i.netwr) > 1000

9. 访问控制 (DCL)

@MappingRole: true
define role Z_CDS_EXAMPLE_DCL {
  grant select on Z_CDS_EXAMPLE
    where (bukrs) = aspect pfcg_auth(F_BKPF_BUK, BUKRS, ACTVT = '03');
}

#NOT_REQUIRED - 无需授权检查
#CHECK - 如果不存在 DCL 则警告
#MANDATORY - 如果不存在 DCL 则报错
#NOT_ALLOWED - 如果存在 DCL 则忽略

完整参考 : 详细的 DCL 模式，请参阅 references/access-control-reference.md。

PFCG 授权 : where (field) = aspect pfcg_auth(AUTH_OBJECT, AUTH_FIELD, ACTVT = '03')

字面量条件 : where status <> 'DELETED'

用户方面 : where created_by ?= aspect user

组合条件 : where (bukrs) = aspect pfcg_auth(...) and status = 'ACTIVE'

完整的访问控制参考，请参阅 references/access-control-reference.md。

10. 从 ABAP 检索数据

SELECT * FROM zcds_example
  WHERE field1 = @lv_value
  INTO TABLE @DATA(lt_result).

SALV IDA（集成数据访问）

cl_salv_gui_table_ida=>create_for_cds_view(
  CONV #( 'ZCDS_EXAMPLE' )
)->fullscreen( )->display( ).

11. 常见错误与解决方案

SD_CDS_ENTITY105: 缺少参考信息

问题 : CURR/QUAN 字段没有参考

解决方案 : 添加语义注解

@Semantics.currencyCode: true
waers,
@Semantics.amount.currencyCode: 'waers'
netwr

或者从相关表导入货币:

inner join t001 as c on ...
{
  c.waers,
  @Semantics.amount.currencyCode: 'waers'
  v.amount
}

问题 : 基数与实际数据不匹配

解决方案 : 定义与数据模型匹配的基数

association [0..1] to ...  -- 用于可选关系
association [1..*] to ...  -- 用于必需的一对多关系

完整的故障排除指南，请参阅 references/troubleshooting.md。

12. 有用的事务码和表

SDDLAR - 显示/修复 DDL 结构
RSRTS_ODP_DIS - TransientProvider 预览
RSRTS_QUERY_CHECK - CDS 查询元数据验证
SE63 - 翻译 (EndUserText)
SE11 - ABAP 字典
SU21 - 授权对象

DDHEADANNO - 头级别注解
CDSVIEWANNOPOS - CDS 视图头注解
CDS_FIELD_ANNOTATION - 字段级别注解
ABDOC_CDS_ANNOS - SAP 注解定义

CL_DD_DDL_ANNOTATION_SERVICE - 编程方式访问注解:

get_annos() - 获取所有注解
get_label_4_element() - 获取 @EndUserText.label

详细指南，请参阅 references/ 中的参考文件:

annotations-reference.md - 完整的注解目录
functions-reference.md - 所有内置函数及示例
associations-reference.md - 关联和基数指南
access-control-reference.md - DCL 和授权模式
expressions-reference.md - 表达式和运算符
troubleshooting.md - 常见错误和解决方案

模板，请参阅 templates/:

basic-view.md - 标准 CDS 视图模板
parameterized-view.md - 带输入参数的视图模板
dcl-template.md - 访问控制定义模板

通过检查以下内容更新此技能 :

最后验证 : 2025-11-23

🇺🇸English

SAP ABAP CDS (Core Data Services)

Related Skills

sap-abap : Use for ABAP programming patterns used with CDS or when implementing EML statements in ABAP
sap-btp-cloud-platform : Use for CDS deployment scenarios on BTP or ABAP Environment configurations
sap-fiori-tools : Use when building Fiori Elements applications that consume CDS views or working with UI annotations
sap-cap-capire : Use for comparing CDS syntax between ABAP and CAP or when integrating ABAP CDS with CAP services
sap-api-style : Use when documenting CDS-based OData services or following API documentation standards

Quick Reference : https://help.sap.com/doc/abapdocu_cp_index_htm/CLOUD/en-US/abencds.html | SAP Cheat Sheets: https://github.com/SAP-samples/abap-cheat-sheets/blob/main/15_CDS_View_Entities.md

1. CDS View Fundamentals
2. Essential Annotations
3. Expressions and Operations
4. Built-in Functions
5. Joins
6. Associations
7. Input Parameters
8. Aggregate Expressions
9. Access Control (DCL)
10. Data Retrieval from ABAP
11. Common Errors and Solutions
12. Useful Transactions and Tables
Bundled Resources
Source Documentation

1. CDS View Fundamentals

View Types

Type	Syntax	Database View	Since
CDS View	`DEFINE VIEW`	Yes	7.4 SP8
CDS View Entity	`DEFINE VIEW ENTITY`	No	7.55

Recommendation : Use CDS View Entities for new development.

Basic CDS View Syntax

@AbapCatalog.sqlViewName: 'ZCDS_EXAMPLE_V'
@AbapCatalog.compiler.CompareFilter: true
@AccessControl.authorizationCheck: #NOT_REQUIRED
@EndUserText.label: 'Example CDS View'

define view ZCDS_EXAMPLE
  as select from db_table as t
{
  key t.field1,
      t.field2,
      t.field3 as AliasName
}

CDS View Entity Syntax (7.55+)

@AccessControl.authorizationCheck: #NOT_REQUIRED
@EndUserText.label: 'Example View Entity'

define view entity Z_CDS_EXAMPLE
  as select from db_table as t
{
  key t.field1,
      t.field2,
      t.field3 as AliasName
}

Key Difference : View entities omit @AbapCatalog.sqlViewName - no SQL view generated.

Eclipse ADT Setup

File → New → Other → Core Data Services → Data Definition
Enter name, description, and package
Select template (view, view entity, etc.)

2. Essential Annotations

Core Annotations

Essential annotations for CDS development :

@AbapCatalog.sqlViewName - SQL view name (max 16 chars)
@AbapCatalog.compiler.CompareFilter - Optimize WHERE clauses
@AccessControl.authorizationCheck - Set to #NOT_REQUIRED, #CHECK, #MANDATORY, or #NOT_ALLOWED
@EndUserText.label - User-facing description
@Metadata.allowExtensions - Allow view extensions

Complete Reference : See references/annotations-reference.md for 50+ annotations with examples.

Semantics Annotations (Currency/Quantity)

Required for CURR and QUAN data types to avoid error SD_CDS_ENTITY105:

-- Currency fields
@Semantics.currencyCode: true
waers,
@Semantics.amount.currencyCode: 'waers'
amount,

-- Quantity fields
@Semantics.unitOfMeasure: true
meins,
@Semantics.quantity.unitOfMeasure: 'meins'
quantity

UI Annotations (Fiori Elements)

@UI.lineItem: [{ position: 10 }]
@UI.identification: [{ position: 10 }]
@UI.selectionField: [{ position: 10 }]
field1,

@UI.hidden: true
internal_field

Consumption Annotations (Value Help)

@Consumption.valueHelpDefinition: [{
  entity: { name: 'I_Currency', element: 'Currency' }
}]
waers

For complete annotation reference, see references/annotations-reference.md.

3. Expressions and Operations

CASE Expressions

Simple CASE (single variable comparison):

case status
  when 'A' then 'Active'
  when 'I' then 'Inactive'
  else 'Unknown'
end as StatusText

Searched CASE (multiple conditions):

case
  when amount > 1000 then 'High'
  when amount > 100 then 'Medium'
  else 'Low'
end as AmountCategory

Comparison Operators

Standard operators : =, <>, <, >, <=, >= Special operators : BETWEEN x AND y, LIKE, IS NULL, IS NOT NULL

Complete Reference : See references/expressions-reference.md for all operators and expressions.

Arithmetic Operations

quantity * price as TotalAmount,
amount / 100 as Percentage,
-amount as NegatedAmount

Session Variables

Available system variables (SY fields equivalent):

$session.user (SY-UNAME) - Current user
$session.client (SY-MANDT) - Client
$session.system_language (SY-LANGU) - Language
$session.system_date (SY-DATUM) - Current date

Complete Reference : See references/expressions-reference.md for all system variables.

$session.user as CurrentUser,
$session.system_date as Today

4. Built-in Functions

CDS provides comprehensive built-in functions for string, numeric, and date operations.

Key Function Categories

String Functions : concat(), length(), substring(), upper(), lower(), replace()
Numeric Functions : abs(), ceil(), floor(), round(), division()
Date Functions : dats_add_days(), dats_add_months(), dats_days_between()
CAST Expression : Convert between ABAP data types

Complete Reference : See references/functions-reference.md for all 50+ functions with examples.

Quick Examples

-- String operations
concat(first_name, last_name) as FullName,
upper(name) as UpperName,
substring(description, 1, 10) as ShortDesc

-- Numeric operations  
abs(amount) as AbsoluteAmount,
round(value, 2) as RoundedValue,
division(10, 3, 2) as PreciseDivision

-- Date operations
dats_add_days(current_date, 7) as NextWeek,
dats_days_between(start_date, end_date) as Duration

-- Type conversion
cast(field as abap.char(10)) as TextField,
cast(amount as abap.curr(15,2)) as CurrencyField

**ABAP Types**: `abap.char()`, `abap.numc()`, `abap.int4`, `abap.dats`, `abap.tims`, `abap.curr()`, `abap.cuky`, `abap.quan()`, `abap.unit()`

---

## 5. Joins

### Join Types
```sql
-- INNER JOIN (matching rows only)
inner join makt as t on m.matnr = t.matnr

-- LEFT OUTER JOIN (all from left, matching from right)
left outer join marc as c on m.matnr = c.matnr

-- RIGHT OUTER JOIN (all from right, matching from left)
right outer join mvke as v on m.matnr = v.matnr

-- CROSS JOIN (cartesian product)
cross join t001 as co

6. Associations

Associations define relationships between entities (join-on-demand):

Defining Associations

define view Z_ASSOC_EXAMPLE as select from scarr as c
  association [1..*] to spfli as _Flights
    on $projection.carrid = _Flights.carrid
  association [0..1] to sairport as _Airport
    on $projection.hub = _Airport.id
{
  key c.carrid,
      c.carrname,
      c.hub,

      // Expose associations
      _Flights,
      _Airport
}

Cardinality Notation

Syntax mapping :

[0..1] or [1] → association to one (LEFT OUTER MANY TO ONE)
[1..1] → association to one (exact match)
[0..*] or [*] → association to many (LEFT OUTER MANY TO MANY)
[1..*] → association to many (one or more)

Complete Reference : See references/associations-reference.md for detailed cardinality guide.

New Cardinality Syntax (Release 2302+)

association to one _Customer on ...   -- [0..1]
association to many _Items on ...      -- [0..*]

Using Associations

-- Expose for consumer use
_Customer,

-- Ad-hoc field access (triggers join)
_Customer.name as CustomerName

Path Expressions with Filter

-- Filter with cardinality indicator
_Items[1: Status = 'A'].ItemNo

For complete association reference, see references/associations-reference.md.

7. Input Parameters

Defining Parameters

define view Z_PARAM_EXAMPLE
  with parameters
    p_date_from : dats,
    p_date_to   : dats,
    @Environment.systemField: #SYSTEM_LANGUAGE
    p_langu     : spras
  as select from vbak as v
{
  key v.vbeln,
      v.erdat,
      v.erzet
}
where v.erdat between :p_date_from and :p_date_to

Parameter Reference

Use colon notation :p_date_from or $parameters.p_date_from

Calling from ABAP :

SELECT * FROM z_param_example(
  p_date_from = '20240101',
  p_date_to   = '20241231',
  p_langu     = @sy-langu
) INTO TABLE @DATA(lt_result).

8. Aggregate Expressions

Aggregate Functions

define view Z_AGG_EXAMPLE as select from vbap as i
{
  i.vbeln,
  sum(i.netwr) as TotalAmount,
  avg(i.netwr) as AvgAmount,
  max(i.netwr) as MaxAmount,
  min(i.netwr) as MinAmount,
  count(*) as ItemCount
}
group by i.vbeln
having sum(i.netwr) > 1000

9. Access Control (DCL)

Basic DCL Structure

@MappingRole: true
define role Z_CDS_EXAMPLE_DCL {
  grant select on Z_CDS_EXAMPLE
    where (bukrs) = aspect pfcg_auth(F_BKPF_BUK, BUKRS, ACTVT = '03');
}

Authorization Check Options

Available values :

#NOT_REQUIRED - No authorization check
#CHECK - Warning if no DCL exists
#MANDATORY - Error if no DCL exists
#NOT_ALLOWED - DCL ignored if exists

Complete Reference : See references/access-control-reference.md for detailed DCL patterns.

Condition Types

PFCG Authorization : where (field) = aspect pfcg_auth(AUTH_OBJECT, AUTH_FIELD, ACTVT = '03')

Literal Condition : where status <> 'DELETED'

User Aspect : where created_by ?= aspect user

Combined : where (bukrs) = aspect pfcg_auth(...) and status = 'ACTIVE'

For complete access control reference, see references/access-control-reference.md.

10. Data Retrieval from ABAP

Standard SELECT

SELECT * FROM zcds_example
  WHERE field1 = @lv_value
  INTO TABLE @DATA(lt_result).

SALV IDA (Integrated Data Access)

cl_salv_gui_table_ida=>create_for_cds_view(
  CONV #( 'ZCDS_EXAMPLE' )
)->fullscreen( )->display( ).

11. Common Errors and Solutions

SD_CDS_ENTITY105: Missing Reference Information

Problem : CURR/QUAN fields without reference

Solution : Add semantics annotations

@Semantics.currencyCode: true
waers,
@Semantics.amount.currencyCode: 'waers'
netwr

Or import currency from related table:

inner join t001 as c on ...
{
  c.waers,
  @Semantics.amount.currencyCode: 'waers'
  v.amount
}

Cardinality Warnings

Problem : Cardinality doesn't match actual data

Solution : Define cardinality matching data model

association [0..1] to ...  -- Use for optional relationships
association [1..*] to ...  -- Use for required one-to-many

For complete troubleshooting guide, see references/troubleshooting.md.

12. Useful Transactions and Tables

Key Transactions

SDDLAR - Display/repair DDL structures
RSRTS_ODP_DIS - TransientProvider preview
RSRTS_QUERY_CHECK - CDS query metadata validation
SE63 - Translation (EndUserText)
SE11 - ABAP Dictionary
SU21 - Authorization objects

Important Tables

DDHEADANNO - Header-level annotations
CDSVIEWANNOPOS - CDS view header annotations
CDS_FIELD_ANNOTATION - Field-level annotations
ABDOC_CDS_ANNOS - SAP annotation definitions

API Class

CL_DD_DDL_ANNOTATION_SERVICE - Programmatic annotation access:

get_annos() - Get all annotations
get_label_4_element() - Get @EndUserText.label

Bundled Resources

Reference Documentation

For detailed guidance, see the reference files in references/:

annotations-reference.md - Complete annotation catalog
functions-reference.md - All built-in functions with examples
associations-reference.md - Associations and cardinality guide
access-control-reference.md - DCL and authorization patterns
expressions-reference.md - Expressions and operators
troubleshooting.md - Common errors and solutions

Templates

For templates, see templates/:

basic-view.md - Standard CDS view template
parameterized-view.md - View with input parameters
dcl-template.md - Access control definition

Source Documentation

Update this skill by checking :

Last Verified : 2025-11-23

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39,000 周安装

CDS 视图	`DEFINE VIEW`	是	7.4 SP8
CDS 视图实体	`DEFINE VIEW ENTITY`	否	7.55

SAP ABAP CDS 核心数据服务完整指南：语法、注解、视图实体与最佳实践

🇨🇳中文介绍

SAP ABAP CDS（核心数据服务）

相关技能

目录

1. CDS 视图基础

视图类型

相关 Skills

基本 CDS 视图语法

CDS 视图实体语法 (7.55+)

Eclipse ADT 设置

2. 核心注解

核心注解

语义注解（货币/数量）

UI 注解 (Fiori Elements)

消费注解（值帮助）

3. 表达式与操作

CASE 表达式

比较运算符

算术运算

会话变量

4. 内置函数

关键函数类别

快速示例

6. 关联

定义关联

基数表示法

新基数语法 (版本 2302+)

使用关联

带过滤器的路径表达式

7. 输入参数

定义参数

参数引用

8. 聚合表达式

聚合函数