C++测试指南：GoogleTest/GMock与CMake/CTest现代工作流

cpp-testing by affaan-m/everything-claude-code

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npx skills add https://github.com/affaan-m/everything-claude-code --skill cpp-testing

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🇨🇳中文介绍

C++ 测试（智能体技能）

面向智能体的现代 C++（C++17/20）测试工作流，使用 GoogleTest/GoogleMock 配合 CMake/CTest。

使用时机

编写新的 C++ 测试或修复现有测试
为 C++ 组件设计单元/集成测试覆盖
增加测试覆盖、CI 门禁或回归保护
配置 CMake/CTest 工作流以实现一致执行
调查测试失败或不稳定行为
启用内存/竞态诊断的消毒器

不应使用的时机

实现不涉及测试变更的新产品功能
与测试覆盖或失败无关的大规模重构
没有测试回归需要验证的性能调优
非 C++ 项目或非测试任务

核心概念

TDD 循环：红 → 绿 → 重构（测试先行，最小化修复，然后清理）。
隔离性：优先使用依赖注入和仿制对象，而非全局状态。
测试布局：tests/unit、tests/integration、tests/testdata。
模拟 vs 仿制：模拟用于交互，仿制用于有状态行为。
CTest 发现：使用 gtest_discover_tests() 实现稳定的测试发现。

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基础单元测试 (gtest)

// tests/calculator_test.cpp
#include <gtest/gtest.h>

int Add(int a, int b); // Provided by production code.

TEST(CalculatorTest, AddsTwoNumbers) {
    EXPECT_EQ(Add(2, 3), 5);
}

测试夹具 (gtest)

// tests/user_store_test.cpp
// Pseudocode stub: replace UserStore/User with project types.
#include <gtest/gtest.h>
#include <memory>
#include <optional>
#include <string>

struct User { std::string name; };
class UserStore {
public:
    explicit UserStore(std::string /*path*/) {}
    void Seed(std::initializer_list<User> /*users*/) {}
    std::optional<User> Find(const std::string &/*name*/) { return User{"alice"}; }
};

class UserStoreTest : public ::testing::Test {
protected:
    void SetUp() override {
        store = std::make_unique<UserStore>(":memory:");
        store->Seed({{"alice"}, {"bob"}});
    }

    std::unique_ptr<UserStore> store;
};

TEST_F(UserStoreTest, FindsExistingUser) {
    auto user = store->Find("alice");
    ASSERT_TRUE(user.has_value());
    EXPECT_EQ(user->name, "alice");
}

// tests/notifier_test.cpp
#include <gmock/gmock.h>
#include <gtest/gtest.h>
#include <string>

class Notifier {
public:
    virtual ~Notifier() = default;
    virtual void Send(const std::string &message) = 0;
};

class MockNotifier : public Notifier {
public:
    MOCK_METHOD(void, Send, (const std::string &message), (override));
};

class Service {
public:
    explicit Service(Notifier &notifier) : notifier_(notifier) {}
    void Publish(const std::string &message) { notifier_.Send(message); }

private:
    Notifier &notifier_;
};

TEST(ServiceTest, SendsNotifications) {
    MockNotifier notifier;
    Service service(notifier);

    EXPECT_CALL(notifier, Send("hello")).Times(1);
    service.Publish("hello");
}

CMake/CTest 快速入门

# CMakeLists.txt (excerpt)
cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.20)
project(example LANGUAGES CXX)

set(CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD 20)
set(CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD_REQUIRED ON)

include(FetchContent)
# Prefer project-locked versions. If using a tag, use a pinned version per project policy.
set(GTEST_VERSION v1.17.0) # Adjust to project policy.
FetchContent_Declare(
  googletest
  # Google Test framework (official repository)
  URL https://github.com/google/googletest/archive/refs/tags/${GTEST_VERSION}.zip
)
FetchContent_MakeAvailable(googletest)

add_executable(example_tests
  tests/calculator_test.cpp
  src/calculator.cpp
)
target_link_libraries(example_tests GTest::gtest GTest::gmock GTest::gtest_main)

enable_testing()
include(GoogleTest)
gtest_discover_tests(example_tests)

cmake -S . -B build -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Debug
cmake --build build -j
ctest --test-dir build --output-on-failure

ctest --test-dir build --output-on-failure
ctest --test-dir build -R ClampTest
ctest --test-dir build -R "UserStoreTest.*" --output-on-failure

./build/example_tests --gtest_filter=ClampTest.*
./build/example_tests --gtest_filter=UserStoreTest.FindsExistingUser

使用 gtest 过滤器重新运行单个失败的测试。
在失败的断言周围添加作用域日志。
启用消毒器重新运行。
修复根本原因后扩展到完整套件。

优先使用目标级别设置而非全局标志。

option(ENABLE_COVERAGE "Enable coverage flags" OFF)

if(ENABLE_COVERAGE)
  if(CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_ID MATCHES "GNU")
    target_compile_options(example_tests PRIVATE --coverage)
    target_link_options(example_tests PRIVATE --coverage)
  elseif(CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_ID MATCHES "Clang")
    target_compile_options(example_tests PRIVATE -fprofile-instr-generate -fcoverage-mapping)
    target_link_options(example_tests PRIVATE -fprofile-instr-generate)
  endif()
endif()

cmake -S . -B build-cov -DENABLE_COVERAGE=ON
cmake --build build-cov -j
ctest --test-dir build-cov
lcov --capture --directory build-cov --output-file coverage.info
lcov --remove coverage.info '/usr/*' --output-file coverage.info
genhtml coverage.info --output-directory coverage

cmake -S . -B build-llvm -DENABLE_COVERAGE=ON -DCMAKE_CXX_COMPILER=clang++
cmake --build build-llvm -j
LLVM_PROFILE_FILE="build-llvm/default.profraw" ctest --test-dir build-llvm
llvm-profdata merge -sparse build-llvm/default.profraw -o build-llvm/default.profdata
llvm-cov report build-llvm/example_tests -instr-profile=build-llvm/default.profdata

option(ENABLE_ASAN "Enable AddressSanitizer" OFF)
option(ENABLE_UBSAN "Enable UndefinedBehaviorSanitizer" OFF)
option(ENABLE_TSAN "Enable ThreadSanitizer" OFF)

if(ENABLE_ASAN)
  add_compile_options(-fsanitize=address -fno-omit-frame-pointer)
  add_link_options(-fsanitize=address)
endif()
if(ENABLE_UBSAN)
  add_compile_options(-fsanitize=undefined -fno-omit-frame-pointer)
  add_link_options(-fsanitize=undefined)
endif()
if(ENABLE_TSAN)
  add_compile_options(-fsanitize=thread)
  add_link_options(-fsanitize=thread)
endif()

不稳定测试防护

切勿使用 sleep 进行同步；使用条件变量或门闩。
为每个测试创建唯一的临时目录并始终清理它们。
避免单元测试依赖真实时间、网络或文件系统。
对随机输入使用确定性种子。

保持测试的确定性和隔离性
优先使用依赖注入而非全局变量
使用 ASSERT_* 进行前置条件检查，EXPECT_* 进行多重检查
在 CTest 标签或目录中分离单元测试与集成测试
在 CI 中运行消毒器以检测内存和竞态问题

不要在单元测试中依赖真实时间或网络
当可以使用条件变量时，不要使用 sleep 作为同步手段
不要过度模拟简单的值对象
不要对非关键日志使用脆弱的字符串匹配

使用固定临时路径 → 为每个测试生成唯一的临时目录并清理它们。
依赖挂钟时间 → 注入时钟或使用模拟时间源。
不稳定的并发测试 → 使用条件变量/门闩和有界等待。
隐藏的全局状态 → 在夹具中重置全局状态或移除全局变量。
过度模拟 → 对有状态行为优先使用仿制对象，仅模拟交互。
缺少消毒器运行 → 在 CI 中添加 ASan/UBSan/TSan 构建。
仅在调试构建上启用覆盖率 → 确保覆盖率目标使用一致的标志。

可选附录：模糊测试 / 属性测试

仅在项目已支持 LLVM/libFuzzer 或属性测试库时使用。

libFuzzer：最适合具有最小 I/O 的纯函数。
RapidCheck：基于属性的测试，用于验证不变量。

最小 libFuzzer 工具（伪代码：替换 ParseConfig）：

#include <cstddef>
#include <cstdint>
#include <string>

extern "C" int LLVMFuzzerTestOneInput(const uint8_t *data, size_t size) {
    std::string input(reinterpret_cast<const char *>(data), size);
    // ParseConfig(input); // project function
    return 0;
}

GoogleTest 的替代方案

Catch2：仅头文件，表达性强的匹配器
doctest：轻量级，最小的编译开销

🇺🇸English

C++ Testing (Agent Skill)

Agent-focused testing workflow for modern C++ (C++17/20) using GoogleTest/GoogleMock with CMake/CTest.

When to Use

Writing new C++ tests or fixing existing tests
Designing unit/integration test coverage for C++ components
Adding test coverage, CI gating, or regression protection
Configuring CMake/CTest workflows for consistent execution
Investigating test failures or flaky behavior
Enabling sanitizers for memory/race diagnostics

When NOT to Use

Implementing new product features without test changes
Large-scale refactors unrelated to test coverage or failures
Performance tuning without test regressions to validate
Non-C++ projects or non-test tasks

Core Concepts

TDD loop : red → green → refactor (tests first, minimal fix, then cleanups).
Isolation : prefer dependency injection and fakes over global state.
Test layout : tests/unit, tests/integration, tests/testdata.
Mocks vs fakes : mock for interactions, fake for stateful behavior.
CTest discovery : use gtest_discover_tests() for stable test discovery.
CI signal : run subset first, then full suite with --output-on-failure.

TDD Workflow

Follow the RED → GREEN → REFACTOR loop:

RED : write a failing test that captures the new behavior
GREEN : implement the smallest change to pass
REFACTOR : clean up while tests stay green

// tests/add_test.cpp

#include <gtest/gtest.h>

int Add(int a, int b); // Provided by production code.

TEST(AddTest, AddsTwoNumbers) { // RED
  EXPECT_EQ(Add(2, 3), 5);
}

// src/add.cpp
int Add(int a, int b) { // GREEN
  return a + b;
}

// REFACTOR: simplify/rename once tests pass

Code Examples

Basic Unit Test (gtest)

// tests/calculator_test.cpp
#include <gtest/gtest.h>

int Add(int a, int b); // Provided by production code.

TEST(CalculatorTest, AddsTwoNumbers) {
    EXPECT_EQ(Add(2, 3), 5);
}

Fixture (gtest)

// tests/user_store_test.cpp
// Pseudocode stub: replace UserStore/User with project types.
#include <gtest/gtest.h>
#include <memory>
#include <optional>
#include <string>

struct User { std::string name; };
class UserStore {
public:
    explicit UserStore(std::string /*path*/) {}
    void Seed(std::initializer_list<User> /*users*/) {}
    std::optional<User> Find(const std::string &/*name*/) { return User{"alice"}; }
};

class UserStoreTest : public ::testing::Test {
protected:
    void SetUp() override {
        store = std::make_unique<UserStore>(":memory:");
        store->Seed({{"alice"}, {"bob"}});
    }

    std::unique_ptr<UserStore> store;
};

TEST_F(UserStoreTest, FindsExistingUser) {
    auto user = store->Find("alice");
    ASSERT_TRUE(user.has_value());
    EXPECT_EQ(user->name, "alice");
}

Mock (gmock)

// tests/notifier_test.cpp
#include <gmock/gmock.h>
#include <gtest/gtest.h>
#include <string>

class Notifier {
public:
    virtual ~Notifier() = default;
    virtual void Send(const std::string &message) = 0;
};

class MockNotifier : public Notifier {
public:
    MOCK_METHOD(void, Send, (const std::string &message), (override));
};

class Service {
public:
    explicit Service(Notifier &notifier) : notifier_(notifier) {}
    void Publish(const std::string &message) { notifier_.Send(message); }

private:
    Notifier &notifier_;
};

TEST(ServiceTest, SendsNotifications) {
    MockNotifier notifier;
    Service service(notifier);

    EXPECT_CALL(notifier, Send("hello")).Times(1);
    service.Publish("hello");
}

CMake/CTest Quickstart

# CMakeLists.txt (excerpt)
cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.20)
project(example LANGUAGES CXX)

set(CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD 20)
set(CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD_REQUIRED ON)

include(FetchContent)
# Prefer project-locked versions. If using a tag, use a pinned version per project policy.
set(GTEST_VERSION v1.17.0) # Adjust to project policy.
FetchContent_Declare(
  googletest
  # Google Test framework (official repository)
  URL https://github.com/google/googletest/archive/refs/tags/${GTEST_VERSION}.zip
)
FetchContent_MakeAvailable(googletest)

add_executable(example_tests
  tests/calculator_test.cpp
  src/calculator.cpp
)
target_link_libraries(example_tests GTest::gtest GTest::gmock GTest::gtest_main)

enable_testing()
include(GoogleTest)
gtest_discover_tests(example_tests)



cmake -S . -B build -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Debug
cmake --build build -j
ctest --test-dir build --output-on-failure

Running Tests

ctest --test-dir build --output-on-failure
ctest --test-dir build -R ClampTest
ctest --test-dir build -R "UserStoreTest.*" --output-on-failure



./build/example_tests --gtest_filter=ClampTest.*
./build/example_tests --gtest_filter=UserStoreTest.FindsExistingUser

Debugging Failures

Re-run the single failing test with gtest filter.
Add scoped logging around the failing assertion.
Re-run with sanitizers enabled.
Expand to full suite once the root cause is fixed.

Coverage

Prefer target-level settings instead of global flags.

option(ENABLE_COVERAGE "Enable coverage flags" OFF)

if(ENABLE_COVERAGE)
  if(CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_ID MATCHES "GNU")
    target_compile_options(example_tests PRIVATE --coverage)
    target_link_options(example_tests PRIVATE --coverage)
  elseif(CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_ID MATCHES "Clang")
    target_compile_options(example_tests PRIVATE -fprofile-instr-generate -fcoverage-mapping)
    target_link_options(example_tests PRIVATE -fprofile-instr-generate)
  endif()
endif()

GCC + gcov + lcov:

cmake -S . -B build-cov -DENABLE_COVERAGE=ON
cmake --build build-cov -j
ctest --test-dir build-cov
lcov --capture --directory build-cov --output-file coverage.info
lcov --remove coverage.info '/usr/*' --output-file coverage.info
genhtml coverage.info --output-directory coverage

Clang + llvm-cov:

cmake -S . -B build-llvm -DENABLE_COVERAGE=ON -DCMAKE_CXX_COMPILER=clang++
cmake --build build-llvm -j
LLVM_PROFILE_FILE="build-llvm/default.profraw" ctest --test-dir build-llvm
llvm-profdata merge -sparse build-llvm/default.profraw -o build-llvm/default.profdata
llvm-cov report build-llvm/example_tests -instr-profile=build-llvm/default.profdata

Sanitizers

option(ENABLE_ASAN "Enable AddressSanitizer" OFF)
option(ENABLE_UBSAN "Enable UndefinedBehaviorSanitizer" OFF)
option(ENABLE_TSAN "Enable ThreadSanitizer" OFF)

if(ENABLE_ASAN)
  add_compile_options(-fsanitize=address -fno-omit-frame-pointer)
  add_link_options(-fsanitize=address)
endif()
if(ENABLE_UBSAN)
  add_compile_options(-fsanitize=undefined -fno-omit-frame-pointer)
  add_link_options(-fsanitize=undefined)
endif()
if(ENABLE_TSAN)
  add_compile_options(-fsanitize=thread)
  add_link_options(-fsanitize=thread)
endif()

Flaky Tests Guardrails

Never use sleep for synchronization; use condition variables or latches.
Make temp directories unique per test and always clean them.
Avoid real time, network, or filesystem dependencies in unit tests.
Use deterministic seeds for randomized inputs.

Best Practices

DO

Keep tests deterministic and isolated
Prefer dependency injection over globals
Use ASSERT_* for preconditions, EXPECT_* for multiple checks
Separate unit vs integration tests in CTest labels or directories
Run sanitizers in CI for memory and race detection

DON'T

Don't depend on real time or network in unit tests
Don't use sleeps as synchronization when a condition variable can be used
Don't over-mock simple value objects
Don't use brittle string matching for non-critical logs

Common Pitfalls

Using fixed temp paths → Generate unique temp directories per test and clean them.
Relying on wall clock time → Inject a clock or use fake time sources.
Flaky concurrency tests → Use condition variables/latches and bounded waits.
Hidden global state → Reset global state in fixtures or remove globals.
Over-mocking → Prefer fakes for stateful behavior and only mock interactions.
Missing sanitizer runs → Add ASan/UBSan/TSan builds in CI.
Coverage on debug-only builds → Ensure coverage targets use consistent flags.

Optional Appendix: Fuzzing / Property Testing

Only use if the project already supports LLVM/libFuzzer or a property-testing library.

libFuzzer : best for pure functions with minimal I/O.
RapidCheck : property-based tests to validate invariants.

Minimal libFuzzer harness (pseudocode: replace ParseConfig):

#include <cstddef>
#include <cstdint>
#include <string>

extern "C" int LLVMFuzzerTestOneInput(const uint8_t *data, size_t size) {
    std::string input(reinterpret_cast<const char *>(data), size);
    // ParseConfig(input); // project function
    return 0;
}

Alternatives to GoogleTest

Catch2 : header-only, expressive matchers
doctest : lightweight, minimal compile overhead

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